Name: Anchorage of Twisted Testis: A Rat Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of the Testis (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2025-11-14T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 11 s
Description: Discover a reproducible rat model for testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury using 720-degree torsion and anchoring techniques. This method enables consistent study of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis mechanisms.

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5 minutes

We hereby acknowledge the assistance of Mr Ojeniran, head of the audio-visual unit of the College of Health Sciences, who helped in the filming and editing of the procedure.

The study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria (ERCFBMSLAUTECH:033/05/2024). Twenty male albino Wistar rats, aged 10-12 weeks, and weighing 180 &#177; 10 g were used for this study. They were acclimated for 2 weeks and then, randomly allotted into either the sham-operated group (SO) or the torsion/detorsion group (T/D) (n = 10 rats per group). The SO rats underwent a similar surgery, just like the T/D rats, but the testes were not twisted or anchored to induce T/D.
1. Preoperative preparation and anesthesia
<ol>
	<li>Expose the animals (SO and T/D groups) to an overnight 12 h fast before surgery.</li>
	<li>On the day of surgery, anesthetize the animals (SO and T/D groups) with a combination of ketamine 50 mg/kg and xylazine 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally, and confirm the adequacy and depth of anesthesia by observing the lack of response of the animals to paw pad pressure and light stimulation of the whiskers.</li>
	<li>Shave the left scrotal, perineal, and inguinal areas of the animals (SO and T/D groups) and then clean them with methylated spirit and povidone antiseptic solution or follow local institutional guidelines on disinfection.</li>
</ol>
2. Induction of ischemia of the testis
<ol>
	<li>Mobilization of the testis
	<ol>
		<li>Gently exert downward pressure on the abdomen to push the left testis (of both the SO andT/D groups) into the scrotum.</li>
		<li>Firmly grasp the left testis (of both the SO andT/D groups) and make a high scrotal incision, ~1.5 cm in length, to expose the underlying testis within the tunica vaginalis (TV).</li>
		<li>Locate the lower pole of the testis (of both the SO andT/D groups), specifically the cauda epididymis, and make a nick in the overlying TV with small dissecting scissors.</li>
		<li>Place the scissors under the TV and widen them slightly to show the two edges of the TV, and then grasp the edges on either side with curved mosquito artery forceps. This applies to both the SO andT/D groups. 
		NOTE: This step is very important as it establishes a tissue plane that will enable the easy return of the testis to the scrotum after induction of torsion.</li>
		<li>Extend the incision (of both the SO andT/D groups) in the TV proximally by ~0.5 cm.</li>
		<li>Exert gentle pressure on the lower abdomen to exteriorize the testis (of both the SO and T/D groups).</li>
		<li>For only the T/D group, mobilize the testis and identify the gubernaculum testis, then cut it to detach the testis from the floor of the scrotum. 
		NOTE: This step is important as it allows the testis to be twisted. The gubernaculum is identified as the ligament that extends from the caudal end of the testis to the inguinal canal and ends in a knob-like expansion19,20.</li>
		<li>Grasp the testis (of the T/D animals) at its lower pole (where the cauda epididymis is located), and twist it 720&#176; clockwise and record the time (marking the onset of ischemia).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Anchoring the ischemic testis
	<ol>
		<li>Create a scrotal pouch by holding the twisted testis (of the T/D animals) in place and pushing long dissecting scissors downwards along the tissue plane under the TV into the scrotum to form a pouch.</li>
		<li>For only the T/D animals, insert the anchoring stitch by holding the scissors in place and inserting an anchoring stitch using chromic 2-0 suture from the outside of the lowest point of the scrotal pouch created earlier. Insert the stitch into the connective tissue on the lower pole of the testis and bring it back down into the pouch and outside it next to the initial point of entry.</li>
		<li>Anchor the testis to the base of the scrotum by pulling the torsed testis (of the T/D animals) into the scrotum and gently exerting downward traction on the two ends of the suture, and then tie the two ends of the suture firmly on the scrotal skin.</li>
		<li>Close the scrotal incision (of the SO and T/D animals) with a continuous purse-string suture using chromic 2-0. 
		NOTE: This is recommended for easy removal when reperfusion is to be done.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Biochemical and histopathological investigations
NOTE: Ensure that the investigators carrying out the biochemical assays and histopathological examinations are blinded to the study protocol.
<ol>
	<li>&#160;At the end of the experimental period, animals should be culled by euthanasia after a 12 h fast overnight (50 mg/kg of ketamine and 10 mg/kg of xylazine i.p.) to remove the testes.</li>
	<li>Remove and separate the left testes from adhering structures.</li>
	<li>Homogenize five out of 10 testicular tissues from each group in homogenization buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 0.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM histidine, and PI dissolved in PBS, pH 7.4), and fix the remaining five testicular tissues in Bouin&#39;s solution for histological evaluation.</li>
	<li>Spin the homogenates at 10,000 &#215; g for 15 min at 4 &#176;C in a cold centrifuge to obtain the supernatant for biochemical analyses.</li>
	<li>Determine testicular xanthine oxidase (XO) activity by an enzymatic colorimetric assay using standard laboratory kits following the manufacturer&#39;s guidelines.</li>
	<li>Assay testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) content by colorimetry21.
	<ol>
		<li>Lipid peroxidation concentration determination using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) produced during lipid peroxidation 
		NOTE: This method is based on the reaction between 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and malondialdehyde, an end product of lipid peroxidation. Heating at acidic pH gives a pink chromogen complex ([TBS] 2-malondialdehyde adduct) whose absorbance at 532 nm is measured.
		<ol>
			<li>Deproteinize 200 &#181;L of the sample with 500 &#181;L of Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and centrifuge at 3,000 rpm for 10 min.</li>
			<li>Add 1 mL of 0.75% TBA to 0.1 mL of the supernatant, boil in a water bath for 20 min at 100 &#730;C, and cool with ice water.</li>
			<li>Read the absorbance of the sample/standard at 532 nm using a spectrophotometer against the blank. Determine the concentration of TBARS generated by extrapolating from the standard curve.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Assay testicular activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD)22, catalase23, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)24 using established protocols as previously reported.
	<ol>
		<li>SOD determination
		<ol>
			<li>Dilute 1 mL of the sample in 9 mL of distilled water to make a 1 in 10 dilution. Add 0.2 mL of this diluted sample to 2.5 mL of 0.05 M carbonate buffer (pH 10.2) for spectrophotometer equilibration.</li>
			<li>Start the reaction by the addition of 0.3 mL of freshly prepared 0.3 mM adrenaline to the mixture and quickly mix by inversion.</li>
			<li>To the reference cuvette, add 2.5 mL of buffer, 0.3 mL of the substrate (adrenaline), and 0.2 mL of water.</li>
			<li>Monitor the increase in absorbance every 30 s for 150 s at 480 nm.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Catalase determination
		<ol>
			<li>Mix 1 mL of the supernatant of the testicular homogenate with 19 mL of diluted water to give a 1:29 dilution of the sample.</li>
			<li>Take 4 mL of H2O2 solution (800 &#181;moles) and 5 mL of phosphate buffer in a 10 mL flat-bottom flask.</li>
			<li>Mix 1 mL of the properly diluted enzyme preparation (step 4.6.3.1) with the reaction mixture (step 4.6.3.2) using a gentle swirling motion at 37 &#730;C. Withdraw 1 mL of the reaction mixture and add it to 2 mL of dichromate/acetic acid reagent at 60 s intervals.</li>
			<li>Determine catalase levels in the sample by comparing the absorbance at 653 nm to that of a certified catalase standard.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>GPx assay
		<ol>
			<li>Incubate the reaction mixture containing the sample at 37 &#730;C for 3 min, add 0.5 mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and centrifuge at 3,000 rpm for 5 min.</li>
			<li>To 1 mL of the supernatant, add 2 mL of phosphate buffer and 1 mL of 5&#39;-5&#39;- dithiobis-(2-dinitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) solution, and read the absorbance at 412 nm against a blank.</li>
			<li>Determine glutathione peroxidase activity by plotting the standard curve and extrapolating the concentration of the remaining GSH from the curve.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>MPO and tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF&#945;) assay 
	NOTE: This assay involves the oxidation of guaiacol to oxidized guaiacol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Guaiacol in its oxidised form has a brown color, which is measured photometrically at 470 nm.
	<ol>
		<li>Use standard ELISA kits to determine testicular myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity21,25 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&#945;) levels.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin (H&#38;E) stain26,27 and immunohistochemistry for caspase 3 expression
	<ol>
		<li>Preserve the testicular tissue in Bouin&#39;s fluid; wash the tissue with toluene, submerge in paraffin wax, and incubate at 60 &#176;C overnight.</li>
		<li>Take ~5 &#181;m-thick sections, deparaffinize and rehydrate them, retrieve the antigen using preheated citrate buffer, and leave to cool for 30 min.</li>
		<li>Clean the slides with laboratory wipes, mark the section areas with a hydrophobic pen, and arrange the slides in a humidified chamber.</li>
		<li>Incubate the slides for 10 min following blockade of endogenous peroxidase activity using hydrogen peroxide. Rinse the slides with PBS once, apply the protein block, and incubate for 10 min.</li>
		<li>Rinse the slides with PBS 2x, apply the corresponding primary antibodies (caspase 3), incubate the slides for 45 min, and rinse 2x with PBS.</li>
		<li>Apply the secondary antibody, incubate for 25 min, rinse with PBS 2x, and add the HRP polymer. Repeat the cycle of incubation for 25 min and rinsing 2x with PBS.</li>
		<li>Incubate sections for 5 min in diaminobenzidine (DAB) substrate, rinse 2x with PBS, counterstain with Haematoxylin, and rinse with distilled water.</li>
		<li>Apply blueing solution to the sections, rinse, dehydrate, clear, and mounte for qualitative examination.</li>
		<li>Examine the tissues under a light microscope and take photomicrographs at 100x and 400x magnification with a digital camera attached to the microscope.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Statistical analysis
<ol>
	<li>Perform statistical analysis with the software of choice. Perform Anderson-Darling test, D&#39;Agostino and Pearson test, and Shapiro-Wilk test to test for normality.</li>
	<li>Perform an unpaired t-test to test for significant difference between both groups: SO and T/D.</li>
	<li>Present the data as mean &#177; standard error of the mean. Set the level of significance at p &#60; 0.05, p &#60; 0.01, and p &#60; 0.001 (as reported in the figure legends).</li>
</ol>

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<li>Aldhabaan, S., Hudise, J. Y., ALqarny, M., Alarfaj, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Catgut+versus+polypropylene+sutures+for+transcolumellar+incision+closure+in+open+rhinoplasty%3A+a+retrospective+cohort+study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cureus%22%5BJournal%5D)">Catgut versus polypropylene sutures for transcolumellar incision closure in open rhinoplasty: a retrospective cohort study.</a> Cureus. 8, e9769(2020).</li>
<li>Afolabi, O. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Atorvastatin-mediated+downregulation+of+VCAM-1+and+XO%2FUA%2Fcaspase+3+signaling+averts+oxidative+damage+and+apoptosis+induced+by+ovarian+ischaemia%2Freperfusion+injury%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Redox+Rep%22%5BJournal%5D)">Atorvastatin-mediated downregulation of VCAM-1 and XO/UA/caspase 3 signaling averts oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by ovarian ischaemia/reperfusion injury.</a> Redox Rep. 27 (1), 212-220 (2022).</li>
<li>Akhigbe, R. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Omega-3+fatty+acid+rescues+ischaemia%2Fperfusion-induced+testicular+and+sperm+damage+via+modulation+of+lactate+transport+and+xanthine+oxidase%2Furic+acid+signaling%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biomed+Pharmacother%22%5BJournal%5D)">Omega-3 fatty acid rescues ischaemia/perfusion-induced testicular and sperm damage via modulation of lactate transport and xanthine oxidase/uric acid signaling.</a> Biomed Pharmacother. 142, 111975(2021).</li>
<li>Wei, S. M., Yan, Z. Z., Zhou, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Curcumin+attenuate+ischemia-reperfusion+injury+in+rat+testis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Fertil+Steril%22%5BJournal%5D)">Curcumin attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat testis.</a> Fertil Steril. 91, 271-277 (2009).</li>
<li>Ritchey, M. L., Bloom, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Modified+dartos+pouch+orchiopexy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Urology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Modified dartos pouch orchiopexy.</a> Urology. 45 (1), 136-138 (1995).</li>
</ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

This paper and the accompanying video give a detailed step-by-step description of the surgical induction of TT for the study of testicular IRI using the anchorage approach. The method is particularly useful in that it obviates the prolonged exteriorization of the testis occasioned by clamping techniques7 and at the same time, more closely models the clinical presentation of TT in humans10,12.
When ischaemia has ...

Torsion of the testis (TT) is an acute urological emergency in which the spermatic cord, along with its accompanying vessels, twists, resulting in ischemia of the testis. It is characterized by severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting1. The ischemia, if unresolved by timely detorsion, results in necrosis and loss of the testis concerned2. However, timely surgical intervention by untwisting and restoration of blood flow to the testis results in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), which results in histological and biochemical disruption of the testis and its functions3,4.
Animal models of TT have been used extensively to investigate the mechanisms of IRI, which invariably results from attempts to prevent TT from progressing to necrosis5,6. There are two models of TT, spermatic cord clamping and cord twisting. Both are performed under sterile conditions and adequate anesthesia. Common anesthetic agents used include ketamine alone or in combination with xylazine7. Other commonly used anesthetic agents are urethane and thiopental sodium, usually administered intraperitoneally7. Nonetheless, both models have their limitations.
While direct clamping of the testicular artery with microvascular clips8,9 has been used as a means of inducing ischemia for a determined length of time (usually 1 h) before induction of reperfusion by removal of the clamps, the method does not accurately mimic the clinical appearance of torsion of the testis10. Further, though surgical twisting of the spermatic cord to achieve ischemia11,12 is more representative of the clinical presentation, it is fraught with many technical difficulties that have not been addressed by the short descriptions encountered in the methods section of articles on the subject.
A clear technical difficulty often encountered has been that of returning and anchoring the testis to the floor of the scrotum to prevent untwisting during the period of ischemia. While some investigators do not mention the anchoring of the testis to the scrotal wall13,14, others prescribe anchoring the testis to the scrotal wall by stitching the tunica albuginea to it15,16,17. The descriptions of the process of anchoring the testis to the scrotal wall have, by and large, been very brief and non-explicit7,18. Attempts at duplicating the procedures described in methods sections of previous articles have thus been met with serious practical difficulties, such as injury to the testis by perforating the tunica albuginea and being unable to return the testis to the scrotum without exerting undue pressure. Moreover, in practical terms, the return of the testis to the scrotal sac after inducing torsion has been a major challenge in our attempts to surgically induce experimental TT. Such technical difficulties have thus resulted in the inability to consistently reproduce the model among different investigators.
Hence, the procedure described in this study for creating a model of TT in rats identifies the technical difficulties encountered in previous models and offers solutions for them. This model provides a simple technique that is easily reproducible and mimics human experience. The model is, therefore, a reliable and reproducible starting point in the study of the pathological mechanisms arising from IRI.

<table><tbody><tr><td>1 cc syringes</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>for anaethetic</td></tr><tr><td>2-0 chromic suture</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Bard Parker knife handle</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Curved Mosquito artery forceps</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting scissors</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism (version 8.0.2)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine injection</td><td>Swiss Parenterals LTD Gujarat India</td><td>2321154</td><td>Anesthetic</td></tr><tr><td>Paracetamol injection</td><td>Shanxi Zhongbao Pharmaceuticals, China</td><td>220637</td><td>Analgesic</td></tr><tr><td>Povidone</td><td>JAWA International limited Nigeria&amp;nbsp;</td><td>135S</td><td>Antiseptic wash</td></tr><tr><td>Procaine penicillin powder</td><td>Anhui Chengshi Pharmaceutical Co Ltd China</td><td>201906</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical blade</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical gloves</td><td>Zhenjiang huayang latex products China</td><td>210325</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stitch scissors</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Toothed dissecting forceps</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>Not Applicable</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine injection</td><td>Bioveta Czech Republic</td><td>396228A</td><td>Anesthetic</td></tr><tr><td>Light Microscope</td><td>Novel Microscope, China</td><td>Not applicable</td><td>For histopathological evaluation</td></tr><tr><td>Digital Camera</td><td>Hayear, China</td><td>Not applicable</td><td>For histopathological evaluation</td></tr><tr><td>TNF-&amp;alpha; kit</td><td>Elabscience, USA</td><td>E-EL-H0109</td><td>For assay</td></tr><tr><td>Thermo Fischer kit (anti-mouse caspase 3 monoclonal for caspase 3 expression )</td><td>Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc., USA</td><td>Not applicable</td><td>For Immunohistochemistry (caspase 3)</td></tr></tbody></table>

anchorage of twisted testis: a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury of the testis

Anchorage of Twisted Testis: A Rat Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of the Testis

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injuries are associated with several pathologies, including testicular injury. Earlier animal models of testicular IR, which involves twisting the spermatic cord to achieve ischemia, are fraught with many technical difficulties that result in the inability to reproduce the model consistently. Hence, we present a simple method for inducing testicular IR in a rat model that can easily be replicated.
This method involves the separation of the gubernaculum from the testis, creation of a scrotal pouch, twisting of the testis 720&#176; clockwise at its lower pole, and anchorage of the testis to the base of the scrotum. This model effectively constricts testicular vessels and induces testicular ischemia. After 1 h of ischemia, the anchoring stitch is removed and the testis untwisted. The cord and its accompanying vessels are inspected to ensure patency. After IR, the testis is collected and sectioned for histopathological evaluation.
Testicular histology was examined for focal hemorrhagic lesions, vascular congestion, widened interstitial space, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Furthermore, markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase), inflammation (MPO, TNF-&#945;, IL-1&#946;), and apoptosis (caspase 3 expression) were assayed. This method provides a simpler and easily reproducible model to study the pathophysiology of testicular IR injury. More so, this model opens a window for exploring potential therapeutic agents in the management of testicular IR injury.

XO activity, MDA level, and activities of SOD, catalase, and GPx in the testis were employed as markers of oxidative stress. Torsion/detorsion (T/D) markedly increased XO activity and MDA levels and reduced testicular activities of SOD, catalase, and GPx in T/D rats compared with the sham-operated rats (Figure 1), depicting the role of oxidative stress in T/D-induced injury.
Moreover, TNF-α, a media...

This article describes a step-by-step procedure for creating a model of testicular ischemia/reperfusion for the production of a reproducible model of testicular torsion in the study of the pathological mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury in the testis.

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injuries are associated with several pathologies, including testicular injury. Earlier animal models of testicular IR, which ...

This video demonstrates a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury of the testis. Recent research shows improved testicular detorsion outcomes using adjuvant antioxidant therapies to reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury and preserve overall tissue function. To begin, apply gentle pressure to the abdomen of an anesthetized male rat to guide the left testis into the scrotum.Firmly grasp the left testis of both groups and make a high scrotal incision approximately 1.5 centimeters long to expose the testis within the tunica vaginalis. Locate the cauda epididymis at the lower pole of the testis in both groups and use small dissecting scissors to nick the tunica vaginalis. Place the scissors under the tunica vaginalis and open them slightly to separate the edges.Then grip each edge with curved mosquito artery forceps. Extend the tunica vaginalis incision proximally by approximately 0.5 centimeters in both groups. Then exert gentle pressure on the lower abdomen to exteriorize the testis in both groups.Mobilize the testis for only the torsion-detorsion group. Locate the gubernaculum and cut it to detach the testis from the scrotal base. Next, grasp the lower pole of the testis in torsion-detorsion animals.Twist it 720 degrees clockwise and record the time to mark ischemia onset. To anchor the ischemic testis, create a scrotal pouch by holding the twisted testis of the torsion-detorsion group in place and inserting long dissecting scissors downward along the tissue plane under the tunica vaginalis into the scrotum. Keeping the scissors in place, insert an anchoring stitch with chromic 2-0 suture from the lowest point of the scrotal pouch into the connective tissue on the lower pole of the testis.Then bring it back down and out of the pouch next to the initial point of entry. Pull the torsed testis into the scrotum and gently exert downward traction on the two ends of the suture. Then tie them firmly on the scrotal skin to anchor the testis.Close the scrotal incision in both the sham-operated and torsion-detorsion groups using a continuous purse-string suture with chromic 2-0. Xanthine oxidase enzyme activity and malondialdehyde concentration were significantly higher in the torsion-detorsion group compared with the sham-operated group. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in testicular tissue were significantly reduced in the torsion-detorsion group compared to the sham-operated group.Glutathione peroxidase activity was also significantly reduced in the torsion-detorsion group compared with the sham-operated group. Further, tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration and myeloperoxidase activity were significantly elevated in testicular tissues of the torsion-detorsion group compared with the sham-operated group. Torsion-detorsion distorted testicular histoarchitecture, including degeneration of seminiferous tubules, germ cell loss, and interstitial fibrosis, while the sham-operated group maintained normal histological features.Expression of caspase-3 was markedly increased in testicular tissues of the torsion-detorsion group, indicating enhanced apoptotic activity. A reliable testicular torsion-detorsion model that closely replicates human pathological events has been established, enabling accurate investigation of injury mechanisms. This model offers a simple, reproducible technique that mimics human conditions, providing a reliable foundation for studying pathological mechanisms underlying IRI.These findings raise new questions about the molecular pathways driving early injury responses and the factors that govern reproducibility across testicular torsion models.

anchorage-twisted-testis-rat-model-ischemia-reperfusion-injury

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

We describe models of moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in which the mice undergo unilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by simultaneous or delayed contralateral nephrectomy, respectively. These models consistently give rise to renal dysfunction and post-injury fibrosis, but injury severity and survival are dependent on mouse background, age and surgical equipment.

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

This study demonstrates the technique to make a minimally invasive and easily reproducible model of spinal cord ischemia in rats. Various degrees of hind limb motor deficit can be produced by controlling the aortic occlusion time.

Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with high morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Here, we present a simple and effective mouse model of unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and provide a sequential overview of representative pathological changes observed in the kidney.

An Effective Mouse Model of Unilateral Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

The rat orthotopic renal transplantation model contributes to investigating the mechanism of renal allograft rejection. The current model increases the recipients' survival without interference with blood supply and venous reflux of the lower body using an end-to-end anastomosis of kidney implantation and an end-to-side "tunnel" method of ureter-bladder anastomosis.

A Rat Orthotopic Renal Transplantation Model for Renal Allograft Rejection

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model of rat heart is improved by using a self-made retractor, polyvinyl chloride tube, and a unique knotting method. Electrocardiogram, triphenyltetrazolium chloride and histological staining, and percent survival analysis results showed that the improved model group has higher success and survival rates than the already existing model group.

Improved Rodent Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

We describe how to generate a widely used surgical model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rodents. The procedure involves occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery followed by the restoration of blood flow. This model is useful for studies investigating occlusive causes of intestinal IRI in both veterinary and human medicine.

Rodent Model of Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Occlusion of the Superior Mesenteric Artery

The current protocol describes a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion that preserves the anatomical structure of cerebral vessels without causing damage.

A Rat Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion/Reperfusion Without Damaging the Anatomical Structure of Cerebral Vessels

This procedure demonstrates tibial cortex transverse transport in rats, enabling visualization and analysis of revascularization during limb ischemia.

A Rat Model of Tibial Cortex Transverse Transport for the Treatment of Lower Limb Ischemia

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Discover a reproducible rat model for testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury using 720-degree torsion and anchoring techniques. This method enables consistent study of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis mechanisms.

Anchorage of Twisted Testis: A Rat Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of the Testis

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