Method Article

Analysis Based on TCGA Data and Single-cell Data, taking TRPM4 as an Example

DOI:

10.3791/69304

December 5th, 2025

In This Article

Summary

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Here, we present a protocol to analyze the role of a single gene thoroughly in bladder cancer (BLCA) based on transcriptome analysis and single-cell analysis, together with the utilization of 101 machine learning algorithms, to build a prognostic model for the mentioned single gene.

Abstract

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In this article, an analysis method is introduced based on public transcriptomic datasets and single-cell datasets, which could be used to comprehensively describe the role of single genes in tumors, including shaping the tumor immune microenvironment, shaping tumor molecular subtypes, and predicting the prognosis of tumor patients. At the same time, the introduction of single-gene data can not only avoid the randomness and heterogeneity brought about by the analysis of a single transcriptome but also allow for a deeper exploration of which specific clusters of cells the gene is expressed in, as well as further research into the role the gene plays within the pathway. Considering that many researchers may not be proficient in single-cell analysis, an online website is introduced in this method article, which is called TISCH2 (http://tisch.compbio.cn/), thus helping everyone to finish the single-cell analysis. In addition, the application of 101 machine learning methods has played an indispensable role in constructing the most accurate prognostic model. In conclusion, it is believed that this integrated single-gene analysis method that combines bioinformatics analysis, machine learning, and single-cell analysis can play an indispensable and crucial role in the study of the functions of single genes in tumor progression, as well as in the study of the functions of individual genes in pathways.

Introduction

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As we all know, bladder cancer (BLCA) is one of the most aggressive and metastatic malignant tumors in the world, and there are still issues with the current biomarkers for bladder cancer, such as inaccuracy and so on1. To identify the prognosis of BLCA patients and predict the outcomes of BLCA patients, the search for biomarkers for bladder cancer and the establishment of prognostic models are of great importance. Although people have developed some research methods for biomarkers, most of these methods are currently limited to transcriptomics, which inevitably leads to heterogeneity in samples2. Moreover, studying tran....

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Protocol

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NOTE: All the codes used in this article can be found on the website https://github.com/YaoGeng-nmu/Analysis-of-TRPM4-based-on-TCGA-data-and-single-cell-data-in-BLCA/blob/main/code.

1. Preparation of transcriptomics data

  1. Preparation of the TCGA-BLCA dataset
    1. Download all the TCGA datasets from the website UCSC Xena (https://xenabrowser.net/datapages/)10. The datasets downloaded are pre-processed, eliminating the need for additional work such as gene annotation11.
    2. Select the TCGA dataset and then click on the TCGA-....

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Results

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It is well-known that the core benefit of using transcriptomics to analyze the immune microenvironment for individual genes is that it allows for a direct correlation between individual genes and the dynamic interactions with immune cells and molecules at the level of gene expression, enabling the direct observation of immune characteristics and the identification of differences in the proportion of immune cells infiltrating between groups with high/low expression of individual genes or changes in the expression of immun.......

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Discussion

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In previous studies, bioinformatics analysis of single genes often encountered issues such as superficiality, inaccuracy, and limited applicability19. Moreover, previous research on single genes has typically been confined to transcriptome data. Moreover, when focusing solely on transcriptome data, issues such as sample heterogeneity and randomness may arise, making it difficult to identify universal patterns20. Therefore, to address the aforementioned issues, single-cell d.......

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Disclosures

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgements

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We would like to thank the BioBean Informatics Consortium for developing an intelligent analytical framework (available at http://www.sxdyc.com/). Their innovative computational infrastructure substantially accelerated the research workflow through precision analytics and automated data interpretation modules.

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Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
R 4.3.3nonenonenone

References

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  1. Zhang, C., et al. Identification of multicohort-based predictive signature for NMIBC recurrence reveals SDCBP as a novel oncogene in bladder cancer. Ann Med. 57 (1), 2458211(2025).
  2. Han, M. H., et al.

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Tags

TCGA DataSingle Cell DataTRPM4 GeneTumor Immune MicroenvironmentTumor Molecular SubtypesPrognostic ModelMachine LearningBioinformatics AnalysisSingle Gene AnalysisTISCH2 Website

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