Overview
Source: Madeline Lassche, MSNEd, RN and Katie Baraki, MSN, RN, College of Nursing, University of Utah, UT
According to the 1999 Institution of Medicine (IOM) report titled To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System, medication errors are significant contributors to avoidable patient deaths in the hospital environment. Therefore, to maintain patient safety and to avoid medication errors, it is important that every nurse adheres to at least five "rights" of safe medication administration. These five "rights" refer to the right patient, right medication, right medication dose, right time of administration, and right route of administration. The nurse should check for these five "rights" at three different checkpoints points in the mediation administration process: 1) while comparing the Medication Administration Record (MAR) when withdrawing medications, 2) while comparing the MAR to acquired medications, and 3) while comparing the MAR to both the medication and patient identifiers at the bedside. This video will demonstrate the acquisition component of medication administration, which consists of performing the five "rights" during the first, second, and third checkpoints.
Prior to acquiring medications from a medication dispensing system (MDS), the nurse must consider whether the medication is appropriate, given the patient's medical conditions, medication allergies, and current clinical status and when previous doses of the medication were administered. In addition, certain medications may need preparation prior to administration and prior to the second medication safety check. There are different electronic MAR software, including hardcopy MARs, as well as different types of MDS. The general steps for each system are the same, and although this video illustrates the steps performed using one of these software tools, the safety checks highlighted in this section are universally applicable.
Procedure
1. General medication administration considerations (review in the room, with the patient; see medication preparation and administration videos).
- Wash hands with soap and warm water, and apply vigorous friction for at least 20 s. Hand sanitizers may be used if the hands are not visibly soiled.
2. Go to the medication preparation area (this is may be in a secured room or in a secured portion of the nurses' station) and complete the first safety check using the five "rights" of medication administration.
- At the medication administration computer, log into the patient's electronic health record, pull up the MAR, and determine the medications to administer (e.g., acetaminophen 800 mg every 6 hours prn).
- Log into the MDS with your user name and password
- Select your patient from the list of patients provided by the MDS.
- Verify the patient's name from the MDS with the patient information provided on the electronic MAR from the computer. At this point, the "Right Patient" step has been completed for the first safety check.
- On the screen in the MDS, select the patient medication administration list by choosing the "remove meds" button on the right.
- From that list, select the medication you would like to administer and select the green "OK" button.
- Select the "remove now" button. Stand back and look for the drawer or door with the green flashing light to open. Some drawers are programmed to open automatically, while others will flash a green light and will need to be opened manually.
- Once open, select the appropriate bin and remove the medication. Some systems will have flashing lights to indicate the appropriate bin, while others may indicate the bin number on the screen.
- Remove the medication from the medication drawer. Hold the medication package next to the computer MAR and compare the medication name with the medication listed on the MAR. At this point, the "Right Medication" step is complete.
- Holding the medication package next to the computer, compare the medication dose (amount and units) listed on the label with the dose (amount and units) listed on the electronic MAR on the computer screen. At this point the "Right Dose" step is complete. For some items listed on the MAR, you may need to remove more than one medication package to achieve the correct dose.
- Holding the medication package next to the computer, compare the medication route listed on the medication package label with the route listed on the MAR. At this point, the "Right Route" step is complete. Some medication routes may not be listed on the label, and you must determine the appropriateness of the form provided for the administration route (i.e., a tablet indicates oral administration).
- On the computer screen, review the electronic MAR and identify the time for the specific medication to be administered. Compare the time to the time on the clock in the secured medication administration preparation room. At this point, the "Right Time" step is complete. Medications may safely be given up to 30 min prior to or 30 min following the identified medication time, unless otherwise specified by institutional policy.
- Close the drawer or door in the MDS and hit the "exit" button to log out of the MDS.
3. In the medication preparation area, prepare the medication according to best practice and procedures. Refer to videos for preparing and administering different types of medications and medication routes.
4. In the medication preparation area, complete the second safety check using the five "rights" of medication administration.
- Hold the labeled medication next to the computer screen. Compare the patient name on the pharmacy label with the patient in the electronic MAR on the computer screen. At this point the "Right Patient" step has been completed for the second safety check.
- Hold the labeled medication next to the computer screen. Compare the medication name on the label of the syringe to the medication name provided on the MAR in the electronic health record (i.e., on the computer screen). At this point, the "Right Medication" has been completed for your second safety check.
- Hold the labeled medication next to the computer screen. Compare the medication dose listed on the preparation label with the dose listed on the electronic MAR. At this point, the "Right Dose" step of the second safety check is complete.
- Hold the labeled medication next to the computer screen. Confirm that the medication administration route listed on the electronic MAR is listed as the route intended (i.e., oral, gastric tube, subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, rectal, intravenous, or topical). At this point, the "Right Route" step of the second safety check is complete.
- Review the time listed for the medication in the electronic MAR to confirm that it is the right time for the administration of the medication. Compare the administration time in the MAR with the clock at the medication preparation area. At this point, the "Right Time" step is complete.
5. In the patient's room, complete the third and final medication safety check, adhering to the five "rights" of medication administration.
- Verify that the patient is wearing the correct name band by asking him/her to state his/her name and birthdate. Compare this information with what is provided on the name band.
- At the bedside computer, log into the electronic health record, open the patient's chart, and open the patient's MAR.
- Confirm that you have the correct patient by comparing the patient's name and medical record number on the wrist identification band with the patient's name and medical record number on the electronic MAR on the computer screen. At this point, the "Right Patient" step has been completed for the third safety check.
- Hold the labeled medication next to the computer screen. Compare the medication name on the label of the medication to the medication name provided on the MAR in the electronic health record (on the computer screen). At this point, the "Right Medication" step of the third safety check is complete.
- Hold the labeled medication next to the computer screen. Compare the medication dose listed on the medication label with the dose listed on the electronic MAR. At this point, the "Right Dose" step of the third safety check is complete.
- Review the electronic MAR to confirm that the medication administration route listed on the electronic MAR is the intended route for administration. At this point, the "Right Route" step of the third safety check is complete.
- Review the time listed for oral medication administration in the MAR to confirm that it is the right time for the administration of the medication. Compare the administration time in the MAR with the clock in the patient's room. At this point, the "Right Time" step is complete for the third safety check.
6. Administration and documentation of medication will be highlighted in further videos.
Errors in drug administration pose a great and potentially deadly risk to patients. It is therefore important that health care professionals, especially nurses, know and practice the "five rights" of safe medication administration. These five rights refer to the right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, and right time. It is important that these are followed and checked during the process of administering medications to prevent harm and maintain patient safety.
This video will illustrate the use of these five "rights" at three essential safety checkpoints in the medication administration process. Although, the procedure will be demonstrated on a specific type of software tool for Medication Administration Record, or MAR, and medication dispensing system, or MDS, the steps shown are universally applicable.
Prior to acquiring medications from the MDS, a nurse must consider if the drug is appropriate given the patient's medical conditions, medication allergies, and current clinical status. A nurse should also confirm when the last dose of the same medication was administered.
Always start by washing your hands using soap and warm water. Rub your hands vigorously for 10-20 seconds, rinse well, and dry with a disposable paper towel. Sanitizers may also be used, if hands are not visibly soiled.
Proceed to the medication preparation area, log into the patient's electronic medical record, and access the MAR to determine the medications prescribed. In this case, the prescription is Acetaminophen 650 mg every 4 hours PRN. With this information at hand, log into the MDS. Select your patient from the list and review the patient name in the MAR and the MDS. This completes the "Right Patient" check for the first checkpoint.
Next, in the MDS, open the patient medication administration list, and from the list, select the medication to be administered. Click the "remove now" button. Now stand back and look for the drawer with a flashing signal and open that drawer. Once open, select the appropriate bin, indicated by a flashing light. Remove the medication from the drawer, and hold the package next to the MAR and compare the medication name with the medication listed on the MAR. At this point, the "Right Medication" step is complete.
At the same time, compare the medication dose-amount and units-listed on the label with the dose listed on the MAR. At this point, the "Right Dose" step is complete. For some items listed on the MAR, you may need to remove more than one medication package to achieve the correct dose.
Also, check the route on the medication package label with the one on the MAR. This is the "Right Route" check. Notice that some medications' routes may not be listed on the label, and the nurse must determine the appropriateness of the form provided for the administration route. For example, tablet equals oral administration.
Finally, review the MAR to identify the time the drug should be administered. Compare that time to the actual time listed on the clock in the medication preparation area. This completes the "Right Time" check. Now close the medications storage area, select "exit" on the computer screen, and log out of the MDS.
In the preparation area, prepare and label the medication according to best practices and procedures. Refer to other videos in this collection to learn about preparation and administration of different types of medications delivered via different routes.
After the medication has been prepared and labeled, perform the second safety check. Again, hold the labeled medication next to the computer screen and compare the label information to that listed on the MAR. Match the patient's name for the "Right Patient" check and the medication name for the "Right Medication" check. Next, compare the dose and the route for the "Right Dose" and "Right Route" check, respectively. Complete the second safety check by referring to the time of administration in the MAR and checking the time on a clock or wristwatch.
You may now leave the preparation area and proceed to the patient's room to complete the third and final check prior to administering the medication. In the patient's room, ask them to state their name and date of birth. Compare this information with what is provided on the name band the patient is wearing. Access the bedside computer and log into the Electronic Medical Record to open the patient's MAR. Confirm that you have the "Right Patient" by comparing the patient's identification band information-name, date of birth, and medical record number-to the one listed in the MAR on the computer screen.
Next, hold the medication close to the computer screen and compare the label information to the one provided in the MAR in the patient's electronic medical record. Again, match the medication name, dose, and route of administration information on the label, to the one listed in the MAR. "Right Medication," "Right Dose," and "Right Route" check is now complete for the third safety checkpoint.
Finally, review the time of administration in the MAR, and check the time on the clock in the patient's room to confirm that it is the right time for administering the medication. This completes the three medication administration safety checks.
"A common mistake made in the medication administration process is neglecting to observe the second check after the medication has been removed from the medication dispensing device and prepared for administration. This step is critical because it will help the nurse ensure that the proper doses have been prepared. Note that some medications provided by pharmacy are at a dose that are below or above what has been prescribed, and it is the nurse's responsibility to ensure that the correct dose has been prepared and correctly administered to the patient using best practice."
You've just watched JoVE's video demonstrating the usage of the "five rights" of medicine administration at the three essential safety checkpoints in the medicine administration process. As always, thanks for watching!
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Applications and Summary
Acquiring medication from a medication dispensing device and administering it involves using the five "rights" of medication safety at 3 different safety checkpoints. The first safety check that includes the five "rights" occurs after acquiring the MAR and entering the medication dispensing device. The second safety check occurs after the medication has been removed and prepared according to best practices and facility protocols. At each safety checkpoint, the medication is verified with the patient's electronic MAR, confirming the right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, and right time. The third and final safety check is completed at the patient bedside, prior to medication administration.
A common mistake in the medication administration process is neglecting to perform the second check after the medication has been removed from the mediation dispensing device and prepared for administration. This step is critical because it will help the nurse to ensure that the proper doses have been prepared. Some medications provided by the pharmacy are at a dose that are below or above what has been prescribed. It is the nurse's responsibility to ensure that the correct dose has been prepared for the correct medication administration route and using best practices.
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References
- Institute of Medicine. To Err is Human: Building a Safer Healthcare System. Academic Press. Washington, DC. (2000).
