Summary
The presence of high-risk HPV in head and neck tumor tissue is associated with favorable outcomes. The recently developed RNA in situ hybridization technique called RNAscope allows direct visualization of HPV E6/E7 mRNA in FFPE tissue sections.
Abstract
The 'gold standard' for oncogenic HPV detection is the demonstration of transcriptionally active high-risk HPV in tumor tissue. However, detection of E6/E7 mRNA by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) requires RNA extraction which destroys the tumor tissue context critical for morphological correlation and has been difficult to be adopted in routine clinical practice. Our recently developed RNA in situ hybridization technology, RNAscope, permits direct visualization of RNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue with single molecule sensitivity and single cell resolution, which enables highly sensitive and specific in situ analysis of any RNA biomarker in routine clinical specimens. The RNAscope HPV assay was designed to detect the E6/E7 mRNA of seven high-risk HPV genotypes (HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 52, and 58) using a pool of genotype-specific probes. It has demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity against the current 'gold standard' method of detecting E6/E7 mRNA by qRT-PCR. HPV status determined by RNAscope is strongly prognostic of clinical outcome in oropharyngeal cancer patients.
Introduction
High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection accounts for approximately 5% of all cancers worldwide1. The incidence of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer has increased during the past decades, especially among men. HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) will likely constitute a majority of all head and neck cancers in the United States in the next 20 years2. Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas caused by HPV are associated with favorable survival, and tumor HPV status is a strong and independent prognostic factor for survival3.
Evidence for transcriptional activation of the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 is regarded as the gold standard for the presence of clinically relevant HPV4. However, detection of E6/E7 mRNA from fresh tumor tissue by RT-PCR technique is not practical in routine clinical practice and has been limited to the research laboratories. Recently, we have developed a novel RNA ISH technology called RNAscope, which enables multiplex detection in individual cells with single RNA molecule sensitivity in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue specimens (FFPE)5-10. We provided three lines of evidence for single molecule detection5. First, the RNAscope probe design and signal amplification system allowed detection of single copy HER2 genomic DNA targets in HeLa and SK-BR-3 cell lines. Second, when compared with HER2 genomic DNA signals, the distribution of the fluorescent intensities of HER2 mRNA signal dots in HeLa cells was consistent with one molecule per dot. Thirdly, the number of HER2 mRNA signal dots per cell matched closely the HER2 mRNA copy number estimated by a solution-based quantification assay, further supporting single molecule detection. Furthermore, counterstaining of nuclei with DAPI in fluorescent microscopy or with hematoxylin in bright-field microscopy allows visualization of individual nuclei, which in turn allows detection and quantification of RNA targets on a single-cell basis10. The ability to analyze gene expression in situ in routine clinical specimens makes RNAscope a promising platform for diagnostic pathology, especially those FFPE tissue section-based assays10,11. We have developed an RNAscope-based HPV assay to detect E6/E7 mRNA of seven high-risk HPV genotypes (HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 52, and 58) using a pool of genotype-specific probes. Our recent studies in OPSCC have shown that the RNAscope HPV assay is highly sensitive and specific in determining HPV status on FFPE tissues12-17, and also informs prognosis in OPSCC12,16.
The principle of the RNAscope technology has been previously described5. Here, we describe the complete RNAscope assay protocol and demonstrate its use in the detection of HR-HPV in FFPE tumor tissue sections.
Protocol
1. Sample, Equipment, and Reagent Preparation
- Cut tissue specimen into blocks of 3-4 mm in thickness, fix in fresh 10% neutral-buffered formalin for 16-32 hr at room temperature (25 °C) and embed in paraffin. Cut FFPE into sections of 5±1 µm thickness from FFPE blocks, mount sections on slides and air dry. Note: The slides can be stored at room temperature under desiccation for up to 3 months. The mounted tissue slides should be baked in a dry over at 60 °C for 1 hr prior to the RNAscope assay.
- Bring Hybridization Oven to 40 °C. Place a Humidifying Paper in the Humidity Control Tray. Add 50 ml dH2O to the Humidifying Paper to wet it completely. Insert the covered Tray into the Oven to prewarm for at least 30 min before use.
- Make 700 ml 1x Pretreat 2 Solution (10 nl, pH 6 citrate buffer) by diluting 10x Pretreatment Solution in dH2O. Heat the 1x Pretreat 2 Solution to boil and maintain the temperature between 100-104 °C while preventing over-boiling.
- Make 3 L 1x Wash Buffer (0.1x SSC) by diluting prewarmed 50x Wash Buffer in dH2O.
- Prepare 2 x 200 ml of xylene and 2 x 200 ml of 100% EtOH for deparaffinization under a fume hood.
- Prepare 50% Hematoxylin staining solution and bluing reagent (0.01% ammonia water) for post-staining under a fume hood.
- Prepare 200 ml of xylene, 200 ml of 70%, and 2 x 200 ml of 100% EtOH for dehydration under a fume hood.
- Prewarm Target probes at 40 °C for 10 min and bring RTU Detection Kit reagent to room temperature, including RTU Amp1, Amp2, Amp3, Amp4, Amp 5-Brown, and Amp6-Brown, except DAB Chromogen Brown-A and Brown-B.
2. RNAscope Assay
Deparaffinization and Dehydration
After baking, deparaffinize tissue sections in xylene for 2 x 5 min with frequent agitation, and dehydrate in 100% EtOH for 2 x 3 min with frequent agitation. Air dry for 5 min and draw a hydrophobic barrier around the tissue section with a Hydrophobic Barrier Pen.
Pretreatments
- Incubate tissue sections with Pretreat 1 for 10 min at RT for quenching of endogenous peroxidase activity, rinse in dH2O.
- Incubate tissue sections with Pretreat 2 maintained at a boiling temperature for 15 min for RNA retrieval, rinse twice in dH2O.
- Incubate tissue sections with Pretreat 3 for 30 min at 40°C for protein digestion in HybEZ oven, rinse twice in dH2O.
Target Probe Hybridization
Target probes HPV-HR 7 pool include: HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 52, and 58. Add HPV probes, Ubiquitin C (UBC) and bacterial gene dapB probes separately onto three adjacently tissue sections. Hybridize at 40 °C in oven for 2 hr, then rinse in 1x Wash buffer for 2 x 2 min at RT.
Signal Amplification
- Incubate tissue sections with Amp1 (preamplifier) for 30 min at 40 °C, Amp2 (background reducer) for 15 min at 40 °C, Amp3 (amplifier) for 30 min at 40 °C, and Amp4 (label probe) for 15 min at 40 °C in HybEZ oven. After each hybridization step, rinse in 1x Wash buffer for 2 x 2 min at RT.
- Incubate tissue sections with Amp5 for 30 min and Amp6 for 15 min at RT. After each incubation step, rinse in 1x Wash buffer for 2 x 2 min at RT.
Signal Detection
Incubate tissue sections with 1:1 DAB Mixture by mixing equal volume of Brown-A and Brown-B for 10 min at RT, rinse twice in dH2O.
Counterstaining
Stain tissue sections with 50% Hematoxylin solution for 2 min at RT, rinse with dH2O until slides are clear while tissue remain purple. Dip slides into 0.01% ammonia in dH2O for 5x and followed with 5 dips in dH2O.
Slide Mounting
Dehydrate tissue sections in 70%, 100%, and 100% EtOH for 2 min each, xylene for 5 min, mount with xylene-based mounting media.
Representative Results
RNAscope HPV assay workflow
The RNAscope assay has a highly streamlined workflow that is similar to IHC (Figure 1). It consists of four major steps: pretreatments, hybridization, signal amplifications, and detection. It employs a unique probe design strategy that ensures high fidelity signal amplification5. In the RNAscope HPV assay, the seven HR-HPV probe sets are pooled, all recognized by the same signal amplification system linked to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Specific hybridization signals are detected as brown precipitates formed by HRP catalyzed chromogenic reaction using DAB as substrate, which can be readily visualized by standard bright field microscopy.
Representative staining for HPV detection
Figure 2 shows example images from stained FFPE sections of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In the HPV-positive case (Figure 2A), the HR-HPV probes detected strong punctate signals specifically in the tumor cells. The UBC probe detected numerous punctate cytoplasmic signals in both tumor cells and stromal cells (Figure 2B). The bacterial gene dapB probe demonstrated a clean background (Figure 2C). In the HPV-negative case, both the HR-HPV probe and the dapB probe detected no signals (Figures 2D and 2F), whereas strong signals were detected using the UBC probe (Figure 2E). In this assay, UBC serves as positive control to assess tissue RNA quality and dapB as negative control for background signals. The scoring for HPV status determination involves examining all three slides for each case. The staining level on the negative control slide (dapB) slide is used as cutoff: HPV positivity is defined by the presence of punctate cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining that was above the signal on the dabpB slide.
Figure 1. Flowchart of RNAscope assay. Illustration of RNAscope assay workflow. The RNAscope assay contains 4 major steps, pretreatments, target probe hybridization, signal amplification and signal detection. The entire assay procedure can be completed in 8 hr. Click here to view larger image.
Figure 2. Example images of RNAscope-stained slides. FFPE sections stained with probes for HR-HPV, UBC (positive control) and dapB (negative control) from two HNSCC cases. A-C. HPV-positive case. A, HR-HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression in tumor cells. Inset, 40X magnification to show punctate signals. B and C) adjacent tissue sections showing positive UBC staining (B) and negative for dapB (C), respectively. D-F) HPV-negative case. D) no staining for HPV E6/E7 mRNA, similar to the dapB negative control (F). E) UBC positive staining. Click here to view larger image.
Discussion
The RNAscope HPV assay allowed direct visualization of E6/E7 mRNA in situ in HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The RNAscope assay is fully compatible with routinely fixed tumor tissue and preserves tissue morphology for histopathological correlations (Figure 2). A key advantage of the RNAscope assay over conventional CISH methods is that it specifically amplifies the hybridization signals (Figures 2B and 2E) without amplifying the background noise (Figures 2C and 2F).
In practice, the RNAscope HPV assay procedure can be completed within 8 hr or conveniently divided over two days. The RNAscope HPV assay has been used to determine HPV status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma12-16, demonstrating 97% sensitivity and 93% specificity using qRT-PCR as the reference method16. Conventional chromogenic ISH for HR-HPV DNA is highly specific but has a sensitivity of ~80%12. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for the cellular surrogate marker p16 demonstrates excellent sensitivity but may generate false positive results15,18, especially in nonoropharyngeal head and neck cancers15. The current “gold standard” method of qRT-PCR for HPV E6/E7 mRNA detection requires fresh frozen tissue for optimal results and is technically complex, which limits its use to the research laboratory only. In addition, it requires RNA extraction which makes it impossible to correlate HR-HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression with histopathology.
There are several critical factors for the success of the RNAscope assay. First, for best results, tissues should be fixed in fresh 10% neutral-buffered formalin at room temperature for 16-32 hr according to ASCO/CAP guidelines19. Second, the HybEZ oven is highly recommended since it enables optimal control of temperature and humidity for probe hybridization and signal amplification steps. Thirdly, it is important to remove excess residual buffers before each step but still keep the tissue section from drying during any of these steps.
The manual RNAscope procedure described here has been fully automated on a commercial slide auto-staining system10. This should greatly facilitate standardization of assay conditions and saving precious manual labor in clinical pathology laboratories. In addition, dedicated image analysis software has been developed10 to automatically identify the cells and staining signals on a digitalized slide, which should help to eliminate subjectivity and improve reproducibility in scoring.
In summary, the RNAscope HPV assay detects the presence of HR-HPV E6/E7 mRNA transcripts in situ in FFPE tissues. It has a workflow that is familiar to clinical pathology laboratories by permitting the directly visualization of these in tissue sections. It offers an ideal platform for examining (FFPE) tissue samples, and can be easily adopted by diagnostic pathology laboratories.
Disclosures
All authors are employed by and own stock in Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Inc.
Acknowledgments
Supported in part by NIH grant (R43/44CA122444) and DOD BRCP grant (W81XWH-06-1-0682) to YL.
Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| SuperFrost Plus slides | Fisher Scientific | 12-550-15 | |
| HybEZ Oven, Tray, and Rack | Advanced Cell Diagnostics | 310011, 310012, 310014 | |
| RNAscope 2.0 FFPE Reagent Kit - Brown | Advanced Cell Diagnostics | 310035 | |
| RNAscope HPV-HR7 Probe for HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 52, and 58, E6/E7 mRNA | Advanced Cell Diagnostics | 312351 | |
| ImmEdge Hydrophobic Barrier Pen | Vector Laboratory | H-4000 | |
| 100% EtOH | American Master Tech Scientific | ALREAGAL | |
| Xylene | Fisher Scientific | X3P-1GAL | |
| Gill's Hematoxylin I | American Master Tech Scientific | HXGHE1LT | |
| Ammonia hydroxide | Sigma-Aldrich | 320145-500mL | |
| Cover Glass 24 mm x 50 mm | Fisher Scientific | 12-545-F | |
| Hot Plate | Fisher Scientific | 11-300-49SHP | |
| Drying Oven | Capable of holding temperature at 60±1 °C | ||
| Water Bath | Capable of holding temperature at 40±1 °C |
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