Name: how neurons send signals
Uploaded: 2024-08-29T22:13:36.000Z
Duration: 1 min 28 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.24

Neuronal Communication

تتواصل الخلايا العصبية عن طريق إرسال إشارات كهروكيميائية تنتقل على طول محاورها إلى الخلايا العصبية المجاورة.
عندما تتجاوز الشحنة الكهربائية داخل الخلية العصبية عتبة معينة ، فإنها تؤدي إلى جهد فعل. تنتقل هذه الإشارة الكهربائية إلى أسفل المحور العصبي إلى محطة المحور العصبي ، حيث تنتقل إلى الخلايا العصبية التالية من خلال هياكل متخصصة تعرف باسم نقاط الاشتباك العصبي.
تصنف نقاط الاشتباك العصبي إلى نوعين رئيسيين - كهربائي وكيميائي.
تتميز المشابك الكهربائية باتصالات مباشرة بين الخلايا العصبية من خلال تقاطعات الفجوة. هذا يسمح بالنقل الفوري والمباشر للأيونات ، مما يسهل انتقال النبضات. هذا النوع من انتقال متشابك سريع جدا ويوجد عادة في مناطق الدماغ التي تتطلب تنسيقا سريعا.
في المقابل ، تتضمن المشابك الكيميائية إطلاق الناقلات العصبية ، وهي رسل كيميائي ينتقل عبر الشق المشبكي بين الخلايا العصبية.
عندما يصل النبض الكهربائي ، أو جهد الفعل ، إلى الخلايا العصبية قبل المشبكية ، فإنه يؤدي إلى إطلاق الناقلات العصبية من الحويصلات إلى الشق المشبكي.
ثم ترتبط هذه الناقلات العصبية ببروتينات المستقبلات على الخلايا العصبية بعد المشبكي, تسبب تغييرات التي يمكن أن تثير أو تثبط الخلايا العصبية, اعتمادا على نوع الناقل العصبي والمستقبلات المعنية.

الاتصال العصبي

<div style="direction: rtl;">
تتواصل الخلايا العصبية، الوحدات الأساسية في الدماغ والجهاز العصبي، من خلال إشارات كهروكيميائية معقدة تدعم جميع الوظائف الإدراكية والجسدية. يتم تسهيل هذا الاتصال في المقام الأول من خلال عملية تتضمن توليد وانتشار كمون العمل على طول محور الخلية العصبية. عندما تتجاوز الشحنة الكهربائية الداخلية للخلية العصبية عتبة معينة، يتم تشغيل كمون العمل. ينتقل هذا التغيير السريع في الكمون بسرعة على طول المحور إلى النهاية المحورية، حيث يستعد لنقل الإشارة إلى خلية عصبية مجاورة.

عند المشبك، يمكن أن تختلف نقطة الاتصال بين خليتين عصبيتين وطريقة نقل الإشارة. يتم تصنيف المشابك بشكل عام إلى نوعين: كهربائية وكيميائية.

المشبك الكهربائي

<ul style="list-style-type: disc; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; padding: 0 40px 0 0;">
 <li style="text-align: right;">المشابك الكهربائية، مع اتصالاتها المباشرة التي تسهلها الوصلات الفجوية، هي أعجوبة السرعة والكفاءة.
 </li>
 <li style="text-align: right;">تسمح هذه الوصلات بالمرور المباشر للأيونات بين الخلايا، مما يتيح نقل النبضات بشكل فوري تقريبًا.
 </li>
 <li style="text-align: right;">إن هذه السرعة بالغة الأهمية في أجزاء الدماغ التي تتطلب تنسيقًا سريعًا، مثل تلك التي تحكم ردود الفعل ووظائف البقاء الأساسية.
 </li>
</ul>
المشبك الكيميائي

<ul style="list-style-type: disc; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; padding: 0 40px 0 0;">
 <li style="text-align: right;">من ناحية أخرى، تعمل المشابك الكيميائية من خلال آلية أكثر تعقيدًا تتضمن النواقل العصبية، وهي رسل كيميائية.
 </li>
 <li style="text-align: right;">مع وصول كمون العمل إلى النهاية الطرفية للخلية العصبية قبل المشبكية، فإنه يحفز إطلاق هذه النواقل العصبية من الحويصلات.
 </li>
 <li style="text-align: right;">ثم تعبر الشق المشبكي - المساحة الصغيرة بين الخلايا العصبية المتواصلة - وترتبط ببروتينات مستقبلات محددة تقع على سطح الخلية العصبية بعد المشبكية.
 </li>
 <li style="text-align: right;">إن ارتباط النواقل العصبية بمستقبلاتها يثير استجابات مختلفة في الخلية العصبية بعد المشبكية.
 </li>
 <li style="text-align: right;">يمكن لهذه الاستجابات إما إثارة الخلية العصبية أو تثبيطها، اعتمادًا على طبيعة الناقل العصبي والمستقبل الذي تتفاعل معه.
 </li>
 <li style="text-align: right;">يسمح هذا التعديل للجهاز العصبي بتنفيذ مجموعة من الوظائف، من تقلص العضلات البسيط إلى السلوكيات المعقدة والاستجابات العاطفية.
 </li>
 <li style="text-align: right;">إن تنوع وخصوصية هذه التفاعلات الكيميائية هو ما يمكّن الدماغ من معالجة كميات هائلة من المعلومات، وتنظيم العمليات الجسدية، والتكيف مع التجارب الجديدة، مما يسلط الضوء على التعقيد العميق وأناقة أنظمة الاتصال العصبية.
 </li>
</ul>
</div>

تتواصل الخلايا العصبية عن طريق إرسال إشارات كهروكيميائية تنتقل على طول محاورها إلى الخلايا العصبية المجاورة.
عندما تكون الشحنة الكهربائية داخل الخلايا العصبية ...

Education

JoVE Core

Introduction to Psychology

مقدمة في علم النفس

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Biopsychology

علم النفس البيولوجي

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

how neurons send signals

Neurons send signals through electrochemical communication that supports brain and nervous system function. A key part of this process is the action potential, a rapid electrical change that starts when the neuron’s internal charge rises above a threshold. That signal then travels along the axon to the axon terminal, where it is ready to pass to another neuron.

The connection point between two neurons is called a synapse. Synapses can be electrical or chemical, and each type moves information in a different way. Electrical synapses use gap junctions, which are direct links that let ions move between cells. This makes signal transfer almost instantaneous and is useful in brain regions that need very fast coordination, such as reflex pathways and other survival functions.

Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers. When the action potential reaches the presynaptic neuron’s terminal end, neurotransmitters are released from vesicles. They cross the synaptic cleft, the small gap between neurons, and bind to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic neuron. This binding can excite or inhibit the receiving neuron, depending on the neurotransmitter and receptor involved.

These chemical signals help the nervous system carry out many tasks. They support simple muscle contraction, as well as complex behaviors and emotional responses. Their flexibility and specificity also help the brain process large amounts of information, regulate body processes, and adapt to new experiences.

How Neurons Send Signals

introduction to biological bases of psychology

introduction-to-biological-bases-of-psychology

Biological Factors Shaping Behavior and Mind

Biopsychology connects biology and psychology by showing how the body influences behavior and mental processes. It focuses on the nervous system, neurotransmitters, hormones, genetics, and evolutionary ideas. Together, these areas help explain why people think, feel, and act the way they do. The nervous system is the main foundation of biopsychology. It has two parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and...

nervous system

Nervous System: CNS, PNS, and Reflexes

The nervous system helps the body sense, move, and respond. It works through a network of nerve cells that carry signals around the body. This system has two main parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system, or CNS, includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain acts as the body’s control center. It processes sensory information and helps coordinate responses. The spinal cord serves as a major pathway for signals between the brain and the rest...

neurons as communicators of the brain

Neuron Parts and Signal Transmission

Neurons are the cells that carry information through the brain and nervous system. They use electrical and chemical signals to help control body functions, from heartbeat regulation to complex thinking. Their structure is built for fast, efficient communication. The cell body, or soma, is the neuron’s control center. It contains the nucleus, which holds the cell’s genetic material and helps maintain the neuron’s health and function. The cytoplasm around it contains organelles that make...

neuronal communication

Neurons send signals through electrochemical communication that supports brain and nervous system function. A key part of this process is the action potential, a rapid electrical change that starts when the neuron’s internal charge rises above a threshold. That signal then travels along the axon to the axon terminal, where it is ready to pass to another neuron. The connection point between two neurons is called a synapse. Synapses can be electrical or chemical, and each type moves information...

neurotransmitters

Brain Chemicals That Shape Mood and Movement

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that help neurons communicate. They play a major role in nervous system function, as well as in mood, movement, sleep, and social behavior. Serotonin is made in the brain and intestines. It is linked to well-being and happiness, and it helps regulate mood, appetite, and sleep. When serotonin levels are out of balance in the brain or in peripheral sites, depression and sleep problems can occur. Dopamine is produced in several brain areas, including the...

cerebral hemispheres

How the Brain’s Two Halves Work

The brain’s two cerebral hemispheres work together to process information and control the body. The left and right hemispheres are linked by the corpus callosum, a large bundle of nerve fibers. This connection lets the two sides share sensory and motor information, with each hemisphere controlling the opposite side of the body. The hemispheres are also specialized for different tasks. This is called lateralization, which means certain functions are handled more strongly by one side than the...

lobes of the cerebrum

How Brain Lobes Shape Perception

The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres, and each hemisphere has four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. Together, these lobes support the brain’s main cognitive and sensory jobs. They work as a team to help you think, feel, move, and respond to the world. The frontal lobe sits behind the forehead and acts as a control center for personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movement. It also contains the prefrontal cortex, a region that helps with planning,...

spinal cord

Spinal Cord Nerves and Reflexes

The spinal cord is a major part of the central nervous system. It runs from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It helps keep the body stable and carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord sits inside the bony spine for protection. It is divided into 30 segments that match the vertebrae. Each segment connects to a specific body region through paired spinal nerves. These spinal nerves are grouped by where they leave the...

lateralization

Brain Hemisphere Specialization

Brain hemisphere specialization divides mental tasks between the left and right sides of the brain. This split can improve neural efficiency and support more complex human abilities. Each hemisphere tends to handle the work it does best, which helps cognitive processing run more smoothly. The left hemisphere is especially strong in logic and language-related tasks. It supports analytical thinking, which means breaking a problem into parts and solving it step by step. This is important for...

human genetics

Genes, Behavior, and Mental Health

Human genetics explains how genes can influence behavior, emotions, and mental health. It also shows how a person’s genetic code can shape physical traits and the risk of disease. Each individual carries a unique set of genes, so the effects can be subtle or more noticeable. Genes help direct how the brain, hormones, and cells work. These body systems are all shaped by genetic instructions, and they help produce differences in thoughts and behavior. Human genetics therefore links biology with...

genetic material

Chromosomes, DNA, and Inherited Traits

Chromosomes, DNA, and inherited traits explain how genetic information is organized in the human body. Each cell contains a nucleus, and the nucleus holds 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. These chromosomes are tightly coiled structures made of DNA, which carries the instructions passed from parents to offspring. An individual inherits one set of chromosomes from the mother through the egg and one set from the father through the sperm. This combination creates a unique genetic makeup. Of...

genetic variation

How Alleles Shape Inherited Traits

Genetic variation helps explain why individuals in the same species can look and act differently. It comes from differences in DNA sequences. This diversity matters because it helps a species survive and adapt when the environment changes. Variation starts at fertilization, when an egg and sperm cell join. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, so the fertilized egg can have up to 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, which are the basic units of heredity. <br...

behavioral genetics and its designs

How Behavior Genetics Studies Inheritance

Behavior genetics studies how inherited genes influence human behavior. It looks at how genes passed from parents to offspring help shape behavioral traits and tendencies. The field also examines how inherited factors and environmental influences work together. Researchers use family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies to separate genetic and environmental effects. Family studies track traits within biological families to find possible genetic patterns. They have helped identify...

organization of the brain

Brain Regions and Their Key Functions

The brain is the main control center of the nervous system. It processes sensory input, makes decisions, and directs body actions. Its structure is divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, and each part supports important functions. The hindbrain sits at the base of the brain. It helps regulate automatic life processes. The medulla oblongata controls involuntary functions such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure. Nearby, the pons acts as a bridge between brain regions,...

evolutionary psychology

Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior

Evolutionary psychology explains human behavior and mental processes through natural selection. It uses Darwin’s idea that traits can spread when they help survival and reproduction. In this view, some common behaviors may be adaptations that were useful to our ancestors. One clear example is fear of snakes. This fear is nearly universal, which suggests that early humans who avoided snakes were more likely to survive deadly encounters. Over many generations, that caution could be passed on and...

neuroplasticity

How the Brain Rewires Itself

Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to change its structure and function in response to learning, experience, or injury. It allows neural circuits to reorganize over time. This flexibility supports lifelong development and adaptation. One part of this change begins when dendrites and axons grow. Dendrites receive signals, and axons send them. As they grow, the brain’s circuitry becomes more complex and can support more connections. Next, synaptogenesis occurs. Synaptogenesis is the...

brain imaging

Brain Scanning Techniques

Brain scanning techniques help scientists and doctors see the structure and activity of the human brain. These methods support the diagnosis, study, and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. The main techniques include computerized axial tomography, or CT, positron-emission tomography, or PET, magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, and transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS. CT scans use X-ray technology to build detailed...

the endocrine system

Endocrine Glands and Hormone Signals

The endocrine system is a network of glands that send hormone signals through the body. Hormones are chemical messengers that help control many body functions. They enter the bloodstream and travel to cells with the right receptors, or target sites, so the signal can be received. Because of this, hormone effects are widespread, unlike the more localized effects of neurotransmitters. This signaling helps the body keep a stable internal environment, called homeostasis. Several major glands...

somatosensory, motor, and association cortex

somatosensory-motor-and-association-cortex

Brain Cortex Areas for Sensation and Movement

The brain cortex uses separate areas for sensation, movement, and higher thinking. The somatosensory cortex is in the parietal lobes. It helps the brain interpret touch, temperature, and proprioception, which is awareness of body position. The somatosensory cortex has an organized map of the body. Neurons at the top of this region mainly process signals from the lower body. Neurons at the bottom handle input from the upper body. This layout helps the brain locate sensory input with precision.

major hormones and their functions

Hormone Imbalances and Their Effects

Hormones are chemical messengers made by endocrine glands. They help control body functions and keep internal conditions stable. When hormone levels shift too far up or down, normal body processes can be disrupted. Several major hormones have clear roles in the body. Oxytocin is made in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It supports social bonding, childbirth, and lactation. Low oxytocin can affect social interaction and stress response, and it may contribute to depression.

inheritance

Genes, Traits, and Mendel's Rules

Genes, traits, and Mendel's rules explain how characteristics pass from parents to offspring. Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments changed how scientists understand heredity. His work showed that traits are controlled by discrete units inside organisms called genes. Genes usually come in pairs. One gene is inherited from each parent, and together they make a person's genotype. Genotype is the genetic blueprint for potential traits. Examples include blood type, eye color, and inherited...

gene-environment interactions

How Environment Shapes Gene Expression

Environmental factors can change how genes are expressed. Gene expression is a dynamic process, and traits can differ even in people with the same DNA. Radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress all help shape the final outcome. The reaction range helps explain this process. It means genes set a possible range for a trait, while the environment helps decide where a person falls within that range. For example, genetics may allow a height range from 5'5" to 6'1", but nutrition,...

heritability

Heritability and the Environment

Heritability describes how genetic differences contribute to trait variation in a population. It is a statistical measure, so it shows how much of the spread in a trait can be linked to genes across a group. It does not tell you how “genetic” a trait is in an individual person. Heritability is usually expressed as a percentage. That percentage can change depending on which population is studied and what environmental conditions are present. This means heritability is context-dependent, not...

natural selection and adaptation

Adaptation in Changing Environments

Natural selection explains how organisms become better suited to their environments over time. It favors individuals with traits that improve survival and reproduction. Adaptation is the result. It includes genetic changes that help an organism function in specific conditions, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes. Adaptation is not only physical. Psychological adaptation also helps organisms, especially humans, succeed in their surroundings. These responses come from both...

natural selection and mating preferences

How Selection Shapes Mate Choice

Natural selection and mating preferences work together to shape how organisms survive and reproduce. Natural selection favors traits that help an organism fit its environment. Mating preferences are part of sexual selection, which influences who mates with whom and how genes are passed on. Evolutionary psychologists argue that these preferences are tied to instincts that support reproduction. For females, conception, pregnancy, and nursing create a strong need to choose mates who can offer...

criticisms of the evolutionary perspective

criticisms-of-the-evolutionary-perspective

Social Learning vs. Evolutionary Psychology

Social learning theory and evolutionary psychology offer two different ways to explain sexual behavior. A study in which strangers gave students compliments and then asked for casual sex showed a clear gender gap. None of the women said yes, while 70% of the men agreed. Evolutionary psychology explains this result by arguing that natural selection may have shaped women to be more selective about sexual partners. From this view, selectivity can help improve survival and reproductive success. It...

key terms and concepts

Learn how action potentials travel along axons and how electrical and chemical synapses pass signals between neurons in the nervous system.

How Neurons Send Signals | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology offers an engaging learning experience on the fundamental principles of psychology through concise video lessons. Students will explore important topics such as cognitive processes, emotional regulation, and neural mechanisms, establishing a strong foundation in the study of the mind and human behavior. This series provides an accessible and captivating approach to grasp the essential concepts of the discipline.

introduction to psychology

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10647.jpg

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into ...

Eukaryotic Evolution

The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the ...

Cell Diversity

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The cell is chemically composed of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.
Water
The polarity of the water molecule and its resulting hydrogen ...

Describe the scientific theory of cells (cell theory) and relate the history of its discovery to the process of science.

SC.912.L.14.1

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (&#x3BC;m)and are considerably smaller than most ...

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry ...

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains&#x2014;Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Microtubules

There are three types of cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells&#x2014;microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. With a diameter of ...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Gap Junctions

Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between ...

The Extracellular Matrix

In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, ...

Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Plant Cell Wall

The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For ...

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism&#x2019;s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way ...

What are Membranes?

A key characteristic of life is the ability to separate the external environment from the internal space. To do this, cells have evolved semi-permeable ...

Membrane Fluidity

Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are ...

Fluid Mosaic Model

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What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

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Diffusion

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Osmosis

Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of ...

Tonicity in Animals

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Primary Active Transport

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Secondary Active Transport

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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a process through which bulk amounts of specific molecules can be imported into a cell after binding to cell ...

Pinocytosis

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Phagocytosis

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Relate structure to function for the components of plant and animal cells. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (passive and active transport).

SC.912.L.14.2

Cell Structure

Background
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Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

SC.912.L.14.3

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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
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Compare and contrast structure and function of various types of microscopes.

SC.912.L.14.4

A. Cells have characteristic structures and functions that make them distinctive.

B. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and homeostasis.

C. Life can be organized in a functional and structural hierarchy ranging from cells to the biosphere.

D. Most multicellular organisms are composed of organ systems whose structures reflect their particular function.

How Neurons Send Signals

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