Name: how alleles shape inherited traits
Uploaded: 2024-08-29T22:13:37.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Arizona Science Standards

High School

Life Science

HS+B.L3

HS+B.L3U1.10

Genetic Variation

ينبع التباين الجيني من الاختلافات في تسلسل الحمض النووي بين الأفراد ، والتي تعتبر ضرورية لتكيف الأنواع وتطورها.
تنشأ الاختلافات الجينية عندما ينتج المبايض البويضات وتنتج الخصيتان المنوية من خلال عملية تسمى الانقسام الاختزالي.
يطلق المبيضان بويضات يمكن أن تخصب بالحيوانات المنوية أثناء انتقالها عبر قناتي فالوب إلى الرحم.
تساهم كل بويضة منوي ب 23 كروموسوما ، وهي تسلسلات من الحمض النووي تشفر الجينات.
الأليلات هي الإصدارات المختلفة من هذه الجينات التي تؤثر على سمات معينة. على سبيل المثال ، يحتوي الجين الذي يحدد لون العين على أليلات مختلفة ، مثل تلك الخاصة بالعيون الزرقاء أو البنية.
ينتج عن الإخصاب زيجوت يحتوي على 46 كروموسوما ، يجمع بين المادة الوراثية من كلا الوالدين.
يطلق على الأفراد الذين لديهم أليلين متطابقين للجين اسم متماثل الزيجوت ، في حين أن الأفراد الذين لديهم أليلين مختلفين متغاير الزيجوت.
على سبيل المثال ، يصاب الأفراد الذين لديهم أليلان متحولان من جين الغلوبين باضطراب وراثي يسمى فقر الدم المنجلي ، في حين أن الأفراد المتغاير الذين يحملون أليلا صحيا وواحدا متحورا لا تظهر عليهم أعراض مرض شديدة.

لتنوع الجيني

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التنوع الجيني هو التنوع في تسلسلات الحمض النووي الموجودة بين الأفراد من نفس النوع. هذا التنوع ضروري لبقاء النوع لأنه يساعد الكائنات الحية على التكيف مع التغيرات البيئية. يبدأ التنوع الجيني بالإخصاب، حيث تندمج خلية البويضة والحيوان المنوي. تحمل كل من هذه الخلايا 23 كروموسومًا، يصل عددها إلى 46 في البويضة المخصبة. الكروموسومات عبارة عن خيوط طويلة من الحمض النووي تحتوي على الجينات، الوحدات الأساسية للوراثة.

توجد الجينات في إصدارات مختلفة تسمى الأليلات، والتي يمكن أن تؤثر على سمات مختلفة، مثل لون الشعر والعين، أو حتى خطر الإصابة بأمراض معينة. يخلق المزيج المحدد من الأليلات الموروثة من كلا الوالدين مجموعة فريدة من التعليمات الجينية، والتي تشكل المظهر الجسدي وخصائص الصحة للنسل، والتي يطلق عليها النمط الظاهري.

النمط الجيني هو التركيبة الجينية المحددة للفرد، والتي يتم تحديدها من خلال الأليلات المستلمة من كلا الوالدين. يؤثر هذا المزيج الجيني على كيفية التعبير عن السمات. على سبيل المثال، يتأثر لون العين بالأليلات التي يساهم بها كل من الوالدين للون العين. إذا قدم كل من الوالدين أليلًا متنحيًا للعيون الزرقاء، فمن المرجح أن يكون لطفلهما عيون زرقاء. وعلى العكس من ذلك، إذا كان أحد الأليلات للعيون البنية والآخر للزرقاء، فإن الأليل البني السائد يسود عادةً، مما يؤدي إلى عيون بنية للطفل.

تصف المصطلحات متماثل الزيجوت ومتغاير الزيجوت ما إذا كان الأليلان لجين معين متماثلين أم مختلفين. يعني كون المتماثل الزيجوت أن كلا الأليلين متطابقين، بينما يعني متغاير الزيجوت أنهما مختلفان. يمكن أن يؤثر هذا التمييز بشكل كبير على صحة الفرد. على سبيل المثال، مرض فقر الدم المنجلي هو حالة يصاب فيها الأفراد الذين لديهم أليلين متنحيين لجين الهيموجلوبين بالمرض. ومع ذلك، فإن أولئك الذين هم متغاير الزيجوت، يحملون أليلًا طبيعيًا وأليلًا منجليًا واحدًا، لا تظهر عليهم أعراض المرض ولكن لديهم ميزة وقائية ضد الملاريا، وهو أمر مفيد في المناطق التي تنتشر فيها الملاريا. 
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ينبع التباين الجيني من الاختلافات في تسلسل الحمض النووي بين الأفراد ، والتي تعتبر ضرورية لتكيف الأنواع وتطورها.
الاختلافات الجينية ...

Education

JoVE Core

Introduction to Psychology

مقدمة في علم النفس

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Biopsychology

علم النفس البيولوجي

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

how alleles shape inherited traits

Genetic variation helps explain why individuals in the same species can look and act differently. It comes from differences in DNA sequences. This diversity matters because it helps a species survive and adapt when the environment changes.

Variation starts at fertilization, when an egg and sperm cell join. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, so the fertilized egg can have up to 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, which are the basic units of heredity.

Genes can appear in different versions called alleles. These alleles can affect traits such as hair and eye color. They can also influence the risk of certain diseases. The combination of alleles inherited from both parents creates a unique set of genetic instructions. These instructions shape an offspring’s physical appearance and health traits, which are called the phenotype.

An individual’s genotype is the specific genetic makeup they inherit from both parents. Genotype affects how traits are expressed. For example, eye color depends on the alleles each parent contributes. If both parents pass on a recessive allele for blue eyes, the child is likely to have blue eyes. If one allele is for brown eyes and the other is for blue eyes, the dominant brown allele usually leads to brown eyes.

The terms homozygous and heterozygous describe whether the two alleles for a gene are the same or different. Homozygous means both alleles are identical. Heterozygous means the alleles are different. This difference can affect health. People with two recessive alleles for the hemoglobin gene can have sickle cell anemia. People with one normal allele and one sickle cell allele do not show symptoms, but they have a protective advantage against malaria. This advantage is helpful in areas where malaria is common.

How Alleles Shape Inherited Traits

introduction to biological bases of psychology

introduction-to-biological-bases-of-psychology

Biological Factors Shaping Behavior and Mind

Biopsychology connects biology and psychology by showing how the body influences behavior and mental processes. It focuses on the nervous system, neurotransmitters, hormones, genetics, and evolutionary ideas. Together, these areas help explain why people think, feel, and act the way they do. The nervous system is the main foundation of biopsychology. It has two parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and...

nervous system

Nervous System: CNS, PNS, and Reflexes

The nervous system helps the body sense, move, and respond. It works through a network of nerve cells that carry signals around the body. This system has two main parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system, or CNS, includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain acts as the body’s control center. It processes sensory information and helps coordinate responses. The spinal cord serves as a major pathway for signals between the brain and the rest...

neurons as communicators of the brain

Neuron Parts and Signal Transmission

Neurons are the cells that carry information through the brain and nervous system. They use electrical and chemical signals to help control body functions, from heartbeat regulation to complex thinking. Their structure is built for fast, efficient communication. The cell body, or soma, is the neuron’s control center. It contains the nucleus, which holds the cell’s genetic material and helps maintain the neuron’s health and function. The cytoplasm around it contains organelles that make...

neuronal communication

How Neurons Send Signals

Neurons send signals through electrochemical communication that supports brain and nervous system function. A key part of this process is the action potential, a rapid electrical change that starts when the neuron’s internal charge rises above a threshold. That signal then travels along the axon to the axon terminal, where it is ready to pass to another neuron. The connection point between two neurons is called a synapse. Synapses can be electrical or chemical, and each type moves information...

neurotransmitters

Brain Chemicals That Shape Mood and Movement

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that help neurons communicate. They play a major role in nervous system function, as well as in mood, movement, sleep, and social behavior. Serotonin is made in the brain and intestines. It is linked to well-being and happiness, and it helps regulate mood, appetite, and sleep. When serotonin levels are out of balance in the brain or in peripheral sites, depression and sleep problems can occur. Dopamine is produced in several brain areas, including the...

cerebral hemispheres

How the Brain’s Two Halves Work

The brain’s two cerebral hemispheres work together to process information and control the body. The left and right hemispheres are linked by the corpus callosum, a large bundle of nerve fibers. This connection lets the two sides share sensory and motor information, with each hemisphere controlling the opposite side of the body. The hemispheres are also specialized for different tasks. This is called lateralization, which means certain functions are handled more strongly by one side than the...

lobes of the cerebrum

How Brain Lobes Shape Perception

The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres, and each hemisphere has four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. Together, these lobes support the brain’s main cognitive and sensory jobs. They work as a team to help you think, feel, move, and respond to the world. The frontal lobe sits behind the forehead and acts as a control center for personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movement. It also contains the prefrontal cortex, a region that helps with planning,...

spinal cord

Spinal Cord Nerves and Reflexes

The spinal cord is a major part of the central nervous system. It runs from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It helps keep the body stable and carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord sits inside the bony spine for protection. It is divided into 30 segments that match the vertebrae. Each segment connects to a specific body region through paired spinal nerves. These spinal nerves are grouped by where they leave the...

lateralization

Brain Hemisphere Specialization

Brain hemisphere specialization divides mental tasks between the left and right sides of the brain. This split can improve neural efficiency and support more complex human abilities. Each hemisphere tends to handle the work it does best, which helps cognitive processing run more smoothly. The left hemisphere is especially strong in logic and language-related tasks. It supports analytical thinking, which means breaking a problem into parts and solving it step by step. This is important for...

human genetics

Genes, Behavior, and Mental Health

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Chromosomes, DNA, and Inherited Traits

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genetic variation

Genetic variation helps explain why individuals in the same species can look and act differently. It comes from differences in DNA sequences. This diversity matters because it helps a species survive and adapt when the environment changes. Variation starts at fertilization, when an egg and sperm cell join. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, so the fertilized egg can have up to 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, which are the basic units of heredity. <br...

behavioral genetics and its designs

How Behavior Genetics Studies Inheritance

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Brain Regions and Their Key Functions

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evolutionary psychology

Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior

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neuroplasticity

How the Brain Rewires Itself

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brain imaging

Brain Scanning Techniques

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the endocrine system

Endocrine Glands and Hormone Signals

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somatosensory, motor, and association cortex

somatosensory-motor-and-association-cortex

Brain Cortex Areas for Sensation and Movement

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major hormones and their functions

Hormone Imbalances and Their Effects

Hormones are chemical messengers made by endocrine glands. They help control body functions and keep internal conditions stable. When hormone levels shift too far up or down, normal body processes can be disrupted. Several major hormones have clear roles in the body. Oxytocin is made in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It supports social bonding, childbirth, and lactation. Low oxytocin can affect social interaction and stress response, and it may contribute to depression.

inheritance

Genes, Traits, and Mendel's Rules

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gene-environment interactions

How Environment Shapes Gene Expression

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heritability

Heritability and the Environment

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natural selection and adaptation

Adaptation in Changing Environments

Natural selection explains how organisms become better suited to their environments over time. It favors individuals with traits that improve survival and reproduction. Adaptation is the result. It includes genetic changes that help an organism function in specific conditions, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes. Adaptation is not only physical. Psychological adaptation also helps organisms, especially humans, succeed in their surroundings. These responses come from both...

natural selection and mating preferences

How Selection Shapes Mate Choice

Natural selection and mating preferences work together to shape how organisms survive and reproduce. Natural selection favors traits that help an organism fit its environment. Mating preferences are part of sexual selection, which influences who mates with whom and how genes are passed on. Evolutionary psychologists argue that these preferences are tied to instincts that support reproduction. For females, conception, pregnancy, and nursing create a strong need to choose mates who can offer...

criticisms of the evolutionary perspective

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Social Learning vs. Evolutionary Psychology

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key terms and concepts

Learn how alleles, genotype, and phenotype work together to shape inherited traits, from eye color to sickle cell anemia and malaria protection.

How Alleles Shape Inherited Traits | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology offers an engaging learning experience on the fundamental principles of psychology through concise video lessons. Students will explore important topics such as cognitive processes, emotional regulation, and neural mechanisms, establishing a strong foundation in the study of the mind and human behavior. This series provides an accessible and captivating approach to grasp the essential concepts of the discipline.

introduction to psychology

Next Generation Science Standards

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-2

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.15

SC.912.L.15.15

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.17

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-1.

What is Population Genetics?

A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, ...

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the ...

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions ...

Genetic variation stems from differences in DNA sequences among individuals, which are essential for species adaptation and evolution.
Genetic variations ...

Heritability

Heritability measures the genetic influence on traits or physical characteristics such as height or eye color.
Heritability can vary depending on the ...

Natural Selection and Adaptation

Natural selection drives evolution by supporting organisms that are best adapted to their environments, enhancing their survival and reproduction rates.
...

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

The principle of natural selection suggests that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Evolutionary ...

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the variation that occurs through meiosis and calculate the distribution of expressed traits in a population.

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the ...

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the ...

The DNA Helix

Overview

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most ...

DNA Packaging

Overview

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. In order to fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotes must pack their DNA tightly inside ...

Organization of Genes

Overview

The genomes of eukaryotes can be structured in several functional categories. A strand of DNA is comprised of genes and intergenic regions. ...

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by ...

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

RNA Stability

Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations ...

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs ...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns&mdash;non-coding regions of a gene&mdash;or intergenic regions&mdash;stretches of DNA ...

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene ...

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following ...

Bacterial Transformation

In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two ...

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA&nbsp;directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene ...

The Central Dogma

Overview

The central dogma of biology states that information encoded in the DNA is transferred to messenger RNA (mRNA), which then directs the synthesis ...

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of ...

Construct an explanation for how the structure of DNA and RNA determine the structure of proteins that perform essential life functions.

HS+B.L3U1.11

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations ...

genome-size-and-the-evolution-of-new-genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

evolutionary-relationships-through-genome-comparisons

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is ...

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a ...

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was ...

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of ...

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new ...

Analyze and interpret data on how mutations can lead to increased genetic variation in a population.

HS+B.L3U1.12

How Alleles Shape Inherited Traits

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