Cortical Deactivation
Cortical Deactivation - Related Videos
09:43
Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat
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Cited by 3 •
2017
Complex locomotion in naturalistic environments requiring careful coordination of the limbs involves regions of the parietal cortex. The following protocol describes the use of reversible cooling-induced deactivation to demonstrate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the walking cat.
01:25
Deactivation Processes: Jablonski Diagram
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2024
Luminescence, the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed energy, is a process that involves the interaction of molecules with light. The energy-level diagram, or Jablonski diagram, is a graphical representation of these interactions, illustrating the various states and transitions a molecule can undergo. In a typical Jablonski diagram, the lowest horizontal line represents the ground-state energy of the molecule, which is usually a singlet state. This state represents the energies...
01:24
ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens
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2023
Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
01:13
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –CO2R, –COR, –CO2H
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2023
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...
11:25
Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes
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Cited by 460 •
2013
Astrocytes have been recognized to be versatile cells participating in fundamental biological processes that are essential for normal brain development and function, and central nervous system repair. Here we present a rapid procedure to obtain pure mouse astrocyte cultures to study the biology of this major class of central nervous system cells.
FAQs
The critical comparison is behavioral performance when the targeted cortical region is active versus when its activity is reduced. If a behavior changes specifically during suppression, the result supports a contribution from that region rather than merely an association. This logic allows researchers to connect cortical circuits with perception, movement, learning, or decision-making.
Reversible approaches allow the same behavioral system to be examined during reduced activity and again after normal activity returns. This comparison can help distinguish effects linked to the targeted cortical region from broader experimental influences. Cooling, pharmacological inactivation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation provide reversible options, whereas permanent reduction does not permit the same recovery-based comparison.
The selected region determines which behavioral contribution is being tested. Reducing activity in one cortical area may reveal its involvement in perception, movement, learning, or decision-making, while comparisons across regions can clarify functional organization. Interpretation therefore depends on relating behavioral changes to the specific cortical circuit whose activity was manipulated.
The available approaches named for this purpose are cooling, pharmacological inactivation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Each suppresses neuronal signaling through a different intervention, while the first two categories of use described here are reversible. The choice determines how researchers reduce activity in the selected cortex before comparing behavior with and without that activity.
A typical workflow begins by selecting a cortical region and a behavior relevant to its suspected function. Researchers then reduce activity using cooling, pharmacological inactivation, or transcranial magnetic stimulation, measure the resulting behavior, and compare it with performance when the region is active. The comparison provides evidence about the region’s contribution to the behavior.
This approach is useful when researchers need evidence that a cortical area contributes directly to a behavioral process rather than simply being active during it. Studies can examine perception, movement, learning, and decision-making, while broader comparisons help map functional organization. Findings may also inform research on neurological disorders involving disrupted cortical activity.