Multiphoton Lithography
Multiphoton Lithography - Related Videos
07:53
Soft Lithography
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2023
Many BioMEM devices, such as microfluidic channels, are fabricated using the soft lithography technique. Here, a microscale pattern is replicated by curing an elastomeric polymer over the 3D structure. These polymeric structures are then used to create a wide range of devices, ranging from microfluidic channels for biosensing applications to microscale bioreactors for the visualization of micro-colonies. This video introduces photolithography and demonstrates the technique in the laboratory.
10:09
Capillary Force Lithography for Cardiac Tissue Engineering
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Cited by 27 •
2014
In this protocol, we demonstrate the fabrication of biomimetic cardiac cell culture substrata made from two distinct polymeric materials using capillary force lithography. The described methods provide a scalable, cost-effective technique to engineer the structure and function of macroscopic cardiac tissues for in vitro and in vivo applications.
10:03
Multiphoton Microscopy of Cleared Mouse Brain Expressing YFP
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Cited by 11 •
2012
Multiphoton microscopy of whole mouse organs is possible by optically clearing the organ before imaging, but not all protocols preserve the fluorescent signal of fluorescent proteins. Using an optical clearing method with ethanol-based dehydration and benzyl alcohol:benzyl benzoate clearing, we show high-resolution multiphoton images of whole mouse brain expressing YFP.
08:21
Fabrication of Periodic Gold Nanocup Arrays Using Colloidal Lithography
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Cited by 1 •
2017
We demonstrate the fabrication of periodic gold nanocup arrays using colloidal lithographic techniques and discuss the importance of nanoplasmonic films.
05:58
Plasma Lithography Surface Patterning for Creation of Cell Networks
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Cited by 16 •
2011
A versatile plasma lithography technique has been developed to generate stable surface patterns for guiding cellular attachment. This technique can be applied to create cell networks including those that mimic natural tissues and has been used for studying several, distinct cell types.
FAQs
The key selectivity comes from nonlinear multiphoton absorption: polymerization is triggered only where the tightly focused ultrafast laser reaches the required focal conditions in the photosensitive resin. Material outside that focal volume is not directly written at the same location. This spatial confinement allows fine control over where solid architecture forms, which is essential when constructing intricate three-dimensional bioengineering features.
Moving the laser focus through the resin converts optical positioning into physical architecture. The focal point can be advanced through successive layers, so the written path determines the placement and continuity of the polymerized material. This relationship lets researchers translate a designed microscale pattern into structures with controlled geometry, rather than producing an undifferentiated polymerized region.
Geometry and porosity are important design variables because they determine the architecture presented by a fabricated construct without requiring the material to have a single uniform arrangement. Multiphoton lithography can tune these features through the way the laser focus is moved and the structure is written. In bioengineering, that tunability supports experiments relating material organization to cell behavior and tissue-engineering design.
A basic workflow begins with a photosensitive resin and a tightly focused ultrafast laser. The laser is directed through the resin along a planned path, inducing localized polymerization at the focal volume. The focus then moves through the material to build successive layers and produce the intended three-dimensional microstructure. The resulting construct can be designed for a specific bioengineering use.
Cell-culture scaffolds, microfluidic features, and tissue-engineering constructs are key bioengineering application areas. In scaffolds, the method provides deliberately arranged architectures for cell-culture studies; in microfluidics, it supports fabrication of defined features; and in tissue engineering, it enables constructs whose geometry and porosity can be tuned. These use cases connect fabrication precision with biological design goals.
Within bioengineering, the fabricated architecture serves as a controlled material environment for studying cell behavior and biomaterial organization. Researchers can vary geometry or porosity while retaining the ability to create precise three-dimensional designs, then relate those structural differences to biological observations. This makes the technique relevant to regenerative medicine, where material architecture is part of tissue-engineering construct design.