Cilia-mediated Clearance
Cilia-mediated Clearance - Related Videos
01:33
Investigating Autophagy-Mediated Clearance of Intracellular Bacteria In Vitro
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2026
Take pig kidney cell cultures, with one culture pre-treated with an inhibitor that increases lysosomal pH, impairing autophagic-lysosomal degradation.Add pathogenic bacteria and centrifuge to enhance host-pathogen contact.Incubate to allow bacterial invasion and internalization into endocytic vesicles.The internalized bacteria consume host nutrients to replicate, triggering metabolic stress.This stress activates autophagy, where an autophagic membrane expands around the vesicle, forming an...
08:14
Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia
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Cited by 3 •
2017
The primary cilium is fundamentally important in neural progenitor cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, and adult neuronal function. Here, we describe a method to study ciliogenesis and the trafficking of signaling proteins to cilia in neural stem/progenitor cells and differentiated neurons using primary neurosphere cultures.
08:25
Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia
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Cited by 49 •
2013
An easy and reliable technique for visualizing and quantifying airway cilia motility and cilia generated flow using mouse trachea is described. This technique can be modified to determine how a wide range of factors influence cilia motility, including pharmacological agents, genetic factors, environmental exposures, and/or mechanical factors such as mucus load.
01:36
Wnt5A-Mediated Enhancement of Bacterial Clearance in Murine Macrophages
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2026
Take an adherent culture of murine macrophages.Treat the test well with a buffer containing Wnt5A, a signaling molecule, and the control with buffer only.Infect with a bacterial pathogen and incubate.In the test cells, Wnt5A activates a signaling cascade that enhances cytoskeletal reorganization to boost bacterial uptake into phagosomes, whereas control cells lacking this signaling internalize fewer bacteria.Wash to remove non-internalized bacteria, then incubate with a medium containing...
01:07
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Incorporating Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Clearance
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2025
Drug transporters are critical in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion processes. They should be included in physiological-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, which help predict human drug disposition. However, predicting this is challenging during drug development, especially when liver transport is involved. However, with a realistic representation of body transport processes, an accurate model may be possible. A recent model describes pravastatin's hepatobiliary excretion, mediated...
FAQs
The beat must be synchronized and directional rather than random. This coordinated movement propels the fluid layer covering the epithelium, carrying mucus and the material trapped within it toward a location where it can be removed. The direction and coordination of beating therefore determine whether particles and microorganisms are transported effectively or remain on the tissue surface.
Mucus captures inhaled particles and microorganisms, creating material that cilia can transport. Motile cilia then move the mucus layer away from the epithelial surface. Either component alone would provide incomplete protection: mucus without directed transport could remain on the tissue, while ciliary movement without trapped material would be less effective at removing inhaled debris and pathogens.
Effective clearance depends on both ciliary structure and ciliary movement. If the cilia are not properly formed or cannot move in the required coordinated pattern, transport of the overlying material becomes impaired. Studying these features helps connect microscopic ciliary function with tissue-level protection and explains why structural or motility defects can compromise epithelial health.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia provides a disease context for examining what happens when ciliary structure or movement is abnormal. Because coordinated beating is required to transport mucus and trapped material, defects in either feature can interfere with clearance. This relationship makes the disorder useful for linking cellular mechanisms with failures in airway protection and broader tissue health.
A study can focus on how coordinated ciliary movement transports an overlying fluid layer, how mucus retains particles or microorganisms, and how effectively that material is removed from an epithelial surface. Researchers can also compare normal function with conditions involving impaired ciliary structure or movement, allowing cellular observations to be related to airway protection and disease.
The respiratory tract continually encounters inhaled debris and microorganisms, so its epithelial surfaces require an organized protective mechanism. Cilia-mediated clearance connects mucus trapping with directional removal, contributing to innate defense and airway protection. Its biological importance is also evident when researchers examine how infection, pollutants, or ciliary disorders affect the maintenance of respiratory tissue.