External Fertilization Care

External Fertilization Care refers to the practices used to protect and maintain eggs, sperm, and developing embryos when fertilization occurs outside the parent’s body. In many aquatic animals, gametes meet in the surrounding water, so successful development depends on suitable temperature, salinity, oxygen levels, water quality, and gentle handling. Careful monitoring reduces contamination and developmental stress while supporting normal embryonic growth. These principles are important in biology laboratories, developmental studies, conservation programs, and aquaculture, where researchers and practitioners use controlled conditions to improve fertilization success, assess early life stages, and understand how environmental factors influence reproduction.

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Education

JoVE Science Education - Basic Biology

Basic Chick Care and Maintenance

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2023

Chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) are a valuable research tool, not only for studying important concepts in vertebrate development, neuroscience, and tumor biology, but also as an efficient system in which to propagate viruses. Although eggs can be purchased from external suppliers and working with chicks requires very little specialized equipment, an understanding of proper handling procedures is required for normal embryo development. This video will provide an overview of egg handling...

Externalities

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2025

Externalities are unintended side effects of economic activities that impact third parties who are not directly involved in the market transaction. They can have positive or negative effects that can influence society and the environment in various ways. Positive Externalities Positive externalities occur when a market activity produces benefits for others without those beneficiaries having to pay for it. Examples include: Education: When individuals receive an education, society benefits...

Fertilization

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2025

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...

Research

JoVE Journal - Biology
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Production of Haploid Zebrafish Embryos by In Vitro Fertilization

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Cited by 37 •

2014

The zebrafish is a powerful model system for developmental biology and human disease research due to their genetic similarity with higher vertebrates. This protocol describes a methodology to create haploid zebrafish embryos that can be utilized for forward screen strategies to identify recessive mutations in genes essential for early embryogenesis.

Pelvic Exam I: Assessment of the External Genitalia

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2023

Source: Alexandra Duncan, GTA, Praxis Clinical, New Haven, CT Tiffany Cook, GTA, Praxis Clinical, New Haven, CT Jaideep S. Talwalkar, MD, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT The pelvic exam can feel invasive to patients, so it is important to do everything possible to make patients feel comfortable and empowered, rather than vulnerable. Clinicians should be aware of how they are communicating, both verbally and nonverbally, and should give their patients...

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