Viral Maturation
Viral Maturation - Related Videos
00:56
Viral Structure
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2019
Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid. Structural Classes of Viruses Many criteria are used to classify viruses, including capsid design. Most viruses...
01:28
Maturation of Endosomes
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2023
The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB). Changes in location The maturing endosome moves along microtubules from the periphery of the cell towards the perinuclear region. This movement of the...
00:57
Viral Recombination
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2019
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment. Viral Recombination Can Create New Diseases Some diseases can infect multiple species. For example, pigs can be infected by some human and...
08:12
In Vitro Differentiation of Mature Myofibers for Live Imaging
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Cited by 38 •
2017
Muscle cells are among the most complex eukaryotic cells. We present a protocol for the in vitro differentiation of highly mature myofibers that allows for genetic manipulation and clear imaging during all developmental stages.
07:03
Mouse Oocyte Microinjection, Maturation and Ploidy Assessment
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Cited by 75 •
2011
Oocytes are prone to aneuploidy due to errors in chromosome segregation during meiotic maturation. Aneuploid eggs can cause infertility, miscarriages or developmental disorders like Down syndrome. Here, we describe methods to introduce materials of choice into oocytes and methods to study meiotic maturation and assess ploidy.
FAQs
Proteolytic cleavage converts precursor proteins into forms that support the functional organization of a virus particle. This processing can alter particle stability or activate components needed for host-cell entry. Because cleavage occurs as part of maturation rather than initial assembly alone, its timing can determine whether newly formed particles remain noninfectious or acquire infectivity.
Capsid rearrangements change how structural components are organized after assembly. These changes can stabilize the particle and prepare it for later interactions involved in host-cell entry. The rearrangement therefore links physical particle structure with biological function, helping explain why a particle that has been assembled may still require additional changes before it becomes infectious.
Changes in envelope proteins can modify the stability and entry-related properties of a viral particle. During maturation, these proteins may undergo structural adjustments that help the virion interact with a host cell. Their timing also illustrates why maturation mechanisms vary among viral families, since different viruses can rely on distinct envelope-associated changes to develop infectivity.
Maturation must be coordinated with replication and particle formation so that structural and biochemical changes occur at the appropriate stage. If these events are mistimed or interrupted, particles may fail to develop the properties required for infection. Studying this timing helps researchers identify vulnerable stages between particle assembly and productive host-cell entry.
Researchers can examine the structural and biochemical changes that occur after newly assembled particles form, then relate those changes to the development of infectivity. Particular attention can focus on precursor-protein cleavage, capsid organization, and envelope-protein behavior. This approach distinguishes particle formation from the later modifications that produce functionally infectious virions.
Maturation provides potential drug targets because infectivity depends on specific structural and biochemical changes after assembly. An antiviral strategy can focus on disrupting precursor-protein cleavage, capsid rearrangement, or envelope-protein changes, thereby preventing particles from becoming infectious. Studying these steps can reveal intervention points that are distinct from earlier stages of viral replication.
Understanding maturation supports the design of vaccines and engineered viral vectors by clarifying how particle structure, stability, and infectivity develop. Researchers can use this information to evaluate which maturation-related features must be preserved, modified, or disrupted for a desired application. The same knowledge also helps interpret how engineered particles behave after assembly.