Laboratory Scale
Laboratory Scale - Related Videos
10:49
Power Input Measurements in Stirred Bioreactors at Laboratory Scale
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Cited by 9 •
2018
The power input in stirred bioreactors can be measured through the torque that acts on the impeller shaft during rotation. This manuscript describes how an air bearing can be used to effectively reduce friction losses observed in mechanical seals and improve the accuracy of power input measurements in small-scale vessels.
09:54
Laboratory Scale Production and Purification of a Therapeutic Antibody
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Cited by 9 •
2017
This protocol describes the production of a therapeutic antibody in a mammalian expression system. The methods described include preparation of vector DNA, stable transfection and serum-free adaptation of a human embryonic kidney 293 cell line, set up of large scale cultures and purification using affinity chromatography.
13:36
Synthetic Spider Silk Production on a Laboratory Scale
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Cited by 16 •
2012
Despite the outstanding mechanical and biochemical properties of spider silks, this material cannot be harvested in large quantities by conventional means. Here we describe an efficient strategy to spin artificial spider silk fibers, which is an important process for investigators studying spider silk production and their use as next-generation biomaterials.
08:00
Measuring Mass in the Laboratory
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2023
The analytical balance is the common piece of equipment in the scientific laboratory. These highly precise instruments can measure down to ten thousandths or even hundred thousandths of a gram. The triple beam balance is a type of scale that uses counterweights on a three rider beams to counterbalance the sample in the pan. On the other hand, modern analytical balances use a complex system of electronic sensors to accurately mass a substance. The analytical balance is so sensitive that it...
02:41
pH Scale
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2020
Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
FAQs
Investigators can vary temperature, pH, oxygen availability, flow, and contaminant concentration to test how each condition affects system behavior. Controlling these factors helps separate their individual influences from combined effects. The resulting comparisons can reveal which environmental conditions promote or limit pollutant transformation, microbial activity, nutrient cycling, or treatment performance.
Small vessels, reactors, and microcosms allow researchers to monitor physical, chemical, and biological responses under defined conditions. By focusing on processes such as pollutant degradation, adsorption, nutrient cycling, or microbial activity, investigators can examine underlying mechanisms rather than only observing an overall treatment result. This information supports more targeted environmental experiments.
Bench-top results may not capture the complexity of full-size environmental systems, where conditions can vary across space and time. Differences in flow, material quantity, temperature, oxygen availability, or contaminant distribution may change the observed response. Field or pilot-scale validation therefore determines whether laboratory evidence remains useful for practical treatment or risk assessment.
A study generally selects a vessel, reactor, or microcosm; establishes controlled values for relevant conditions; introduces the material or contaminant being investigated; and collects samples over time. Researchers then measure physical, chemical, or biological responses and compare results across conditions or treatments. Repeated sampling helps track changes rather than relying on a single observation.
Researchers can use this approach during early experimental design, when they need to compare conditions while limiting material use and cost. It is also useful for investigating pollutant behavior, treatment performance, and mechanisms relevant to water, soil, or wastewater systems. The findings can guide later studies, risk assessment, and selection of conditions for larger experiments.
Results may indicate how changes in pH, temperature, oxygen, flow, or contaminant concentration influence a process of interest. Such evidence can help refine experimental designs, identify promising treatment conditions, and clarify mechanisms affecting water, soil, or wastewater systems. Because the results come from controlled settings, they inform decisions but do not replace larger-scale confirmation.