Dual Color Reporter
Dual Color Reporter - Related Videos
10:00
Visualization of the Immunological Synapse by Dual Color Time-gated Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Nanoscopy
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Cited by 12 •
2014
Here we illustrate the protocol for imaging by two-color STED nanoscopy the cytotoxic immune synapse of NK cells recapitulated on glass. Using this method we obtain sub-100 nm resolution of synapse proteins and the cytoskeleton.
09:20
Color Afterimages
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2023
Source: Laboratory of Jonathan Flombaum—Johns Hopkins University Human color vision is impressive. People with normal color vision can tell apart millions of individual hues. Most amazingly, this ability is achieved with fairly simple hardware. Part of the power of human color vision comes from a clever bit of engineering in the human brain. There, color perception relies on what is known as an 'opponent system.' This means that the presence of one kind of stimulus is treated as evidence for...
07:48
A Method for Lineage Tracing of Corneal Cells Using Multi-color Fluorescent Reporter Mice
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Cited by 15 •
2015
In this article we describe the principles for designing and performing a multi-color lineage tracing experiment using R26R-Confetti mice. We provide a specific protocol for tracking corneal epithelial cells which can be modified for other tissues of interest.
10:25
Dual-color Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy for the Visualization of Interactions between Mitochondria and Lysosomes
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Cited by 4 •
2024
This protocol describes a mechanism for using correlative light and electron microscopy to visualize the interaction of mitochondria and lysosomes labeled with mEosEM and APEX2, respectively.
03:02
Colors and Magnetism
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2020
Color in Coordination Complexes When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
FAQs
The reference signal provides a comparison point for the stimulus-responsive signal in the same experimental system. This helps distinguish a genuine change in promoter or regulatory-element activity from variation affecting the experiment more broadly. In immunology and infection studies, that distinction is important when assessing whether a host-cell response reflects altered signaling rather than inconsistent experimental performance.
Separate fluorescence or luminescence signals allow researchers to follow two molecular activities at once. One signal can represent a response linked to infection or immune stimulation, while the other indicates reference activity. Comparing these outputs helps reveal whether pathogen exposure changes gene expression, signaling, or another measured process without treating all signal variation as a specific biological response.
The regulatory connection assigned to each reporter determines what its signal represents. A reporter placed under a stimulus-responsive promoter or regulatory element reflects the activity controlled by that sequence, whereas the reference construct supplies a comparison signal. Interpreting the colors therefore requires knowing which molecular activity each construct was designed to monitor.
A typical workflow establishes two reporter constructs, assigns one to the stimulus-responsive regulatory element, and uses the second as a reference construct. The system is then exposed to the experimental condition, after which the two fluorescence or luminescence signals are measured separately. Comparing the resulting signals supports evaluation of changes in gene expression or signaling.
Researchers first consider the stimulus-linked signal in relation to the reference signal rather than viewing it in isolation. If the experimental signal changes while the reference provides a stable comparison, the result can support altered activity of the targeted regulatory pathway. This paired measurement also helps identify changes that may instead reflect broader experimental variation.
The approach is useful when investigators need to connect an external challenge with a defined host or microbial response. Supported applications include monitoring pathogen entry, host-cell activation, cytokine responses, and interactions between microbial and immune pathways. Using two signals can make these host-pathogen dynamics easier to compare across experimental conditions and mechanistic studies.