Dual Humanization
Dual Humanization - Related Videos
05:34
Dual Immunofluorescence of γH2AX and 53BP1 in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes
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Cited by 5 •
2023
This protocol presents a method to assess the formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks through the simultaneous detection of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci in interphase nuclei of bleomycin-treated human peripheral lymphocytes.
07:33
In vivo Dual Substrate Bioluminescent Imaging
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Cited by 20 •
2011
Herein we describe the methods to construct, visualize, and quantify the bioluminescent reactions of both firefly and renilla luciferase enzymes expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells during their growth and metastasis in vivo.
00:10
Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis
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Cited by 7 •
2019
This protocol provides a reliable method to establish humanized mice with both human immune system and liver cells. Dual reconstituted immunodeficient mice achieved via intrasplenic injection of human hepatocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells are susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and recapitulate liver damage as observed in HIV-infected patients.
03:16
Dual Fluorescence Imaging to Identify Differentiated Oligodendrocytes
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2025
Source: Schott, J. T., et al. Preparation of Rat Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cultures and Quantification of Oligodendrogenesis Using Dual-infrared Fluorescence Scanning. J. Vis. Exp. (2016). This video demonstrates the use of dual fluorescence imaging to evaluate the differentiation of oligodendrocytes from precursor cells (OPCs) isolated from a rat pup brain. The process includes fixing the cells, labeling specific markers with primary and fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies, and...
02:40
Detecting SMAD Pathway Activation Using Dual Adenovirus Transduction
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2026
Source: Chen, H., et al. Live Cell Imaging of the TGF-β/Smad3 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo Using an Adenovirus Reporter System. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).This video demonstrates a method to study SMAD pathway activation in breast cancer cells using dual adenoviral infection. One virus delivers a constitutively expressed GFP gene, while the other carries an RFP reporter under a SMAD-sensitive promoter. Upon TGF-beta stimulation, SMAD proteins are activated, forming a complex that induces RFP...
FAQs
Dual humanization creates value by placing human immune cells and human target-organ cells in the same biological setting. Human hematopoietic stem cells establish the immune component, while cells such as hepatocytes provide a relevant tissue environment. Their coexistence lets investigators examine how immune cells encounter infected human tissue, linking systemic immune activity with organ-level infection biology.
Compared with a model containing only one human-derived component, Dual humanization can connect two previously separated parts of disease biology. A human immune system alone may not reproduce responses within a human target organ, while human organ cells alone cannot represent human immune activity. Combining them helps address limitations of conventional animal models and supports more integrated interpretation of infection and immunity.
The interaction between the two human-derived systems is especially important when infection and immunity produce different effects. Pathogens can be studied in relation to human organ cells, while immune responses can be examined for beneficial control or immune-mediated tissue injury. This arrangement supports analysis of both pathogen behavior and the consequences of the host response in relevant tissue.
Because the model joins infection biology with human immune activity, it can be used to investigate viral persistence rather than only an initial infection event. Researchers can ask how pathogens remain in human-relevant tissue and how immune responses or treatments alter that state. This makes the system useful for studying connections among ongoing infection, tissue injury, and therapeutic response.
At a conceptual level, construction begins by introducing human hematopoietic stem cells to establish a functional human immune system, then adding human cells or tissues from the target organ. Hepatocytes are one example for liver-focused studies. The resulting model is designed so immune cells, pathogens, and human-relevant organ cells can be examined within one experimental setting.
Dual humanization is most informative when a question requires both human immunity and a human target tissue. In immunology and infection, that includes host-pathogen interactions, immune-mediated tissue injury, and viral persistence. It can also support evaluation of vaccines, antivirals, and immunotherapies, especially when treatment effects depend on interactions between infection, immune responses, and organ biology.
Studies using these models can provide an integrated view of infection and treatment across two human-derived systems. Investigators may assess pathogen behavior, human immune responses, tissue injury, persistence, and therapeutic responses in the same model. These outcomes can inform preclinical evaluation of vaccines, antivirals, and immunotherapies while helping reveal limitations in conventional animal models.