Human Papillomavirus
Human Papillomavirus - Related Videos
13:41
Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
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Cited by 9 •
2012
Characterizing T-cell epitopes of pathogens that cause localized infections such as human papillomavirus is a challenge because of limited number of T cells in circulation. A method is described in which rare T cells were isolated and were characterized starting with a very small number of cells.
10:26
RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Cited by 41 •
2014
The presence of high-risk HPV in head and neck tumor tissue is associated with favorable outcomes. The recently developed RNA in situ hybridization technique called RNAscope allows direct visualization of HPV E6/E7 mRNA in FFPE tissue sections.
07:26
Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes
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Cited by 47 •
2012
An in vitro method to mimic in vivo epithelial differentiation is described. Many viruses target epithelial cells as part of their viral life cycle, and this method provides a means of examining virus:host interactions that more closely resembles that which occurs in vivo. This technique can be used with primary keratinocytes, established cell lines, as well as normal or diseased biopsy tissue.
12:31
In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio
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Cited by 66 •
2013
Here, we present a systematic approach for developing physiologically relevant, sensitive and specific in vivo assays for interpreting variation in human pathology. Transient genetic manipulation via microinjection of WT and mutant human mRNA and morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides harness the tractability of the developing zebrafish embryo to rapidly assay pathogenic mutations, especially, but not exclusively, in the context of human developmental disorders.
10:22
Enrichment of Bruch's Membrane from Human Donor Eyes
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Cited by 14 •
2015
Identifying proteins specifically associated with Bruch’s membrane in human eyes is an important step in understanding the biochemical mechanisms behind eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. This protocol describes how to enrich this sheet of extracellular matrix for down-stream biochemical analysis.
FAQs
After reaching basal keratinocytes through small epithelial breaks, the virus follows the normal differentiation program of those cells. Viral replication therefore progresses as infected epithelial cells mature rather than occurring independently of tissue development. This relationship helps explain why HPV biology must be studied within epithelial tissues and why disruption of cellular growth control can have important consequences.
E6 and E7 interfere with tumor-suppressor pathways controlled by p53 and retinoblastoma protein. These pathways normally help regulate cell survival and proliferation, so their disruption permits abnormal cells to survive and continue dividing. This mechanism links persistent high-risk infection with cellular changes that can contribute to HPV-associated cancers.
Different HPV types have different disease associations. Some produce warts, whereas high-risk types can contribute to cancers involving the cervix, anus, penis, vulva, vagina, and oropharynx. This distinction matters because HPV infection is not a single uniform disease process; its consequences depend partly on the viral type involved and its effects on infected epithelium.
Persistent infection is important because it can maintain the conditions in which viral effects on epithelial cells continue over time. Understanding how HPV enters tissue, replicates with cell differentiation, and alters tumor-suppressor pathways provides a basis for developing immune-based strategies intended to reduce persistent infection and HPV-associated disease.
Knowledge of HPV entry into epithelial tissue, replication in basal keratinocytes, and type-specific disease associations provides a biological foundation for vaccine development. This research connects viral behavior with prevention goals, particularly reducing infections that may persist or contribute to cancer. The same biological understanding also helps place vaccination alongside screening and immune-based approaches.
HPV research supports several complementary applications: vaccine development, screening, and immune-based strategies. These approaches are relevant because certain infections can contribute to cancers of multiple epithelial sites, while others cause warts. Together, the applications aim to reduce persistent infection and HPV-associated disease by translating viral and cellular mechanisms into prevention or disease-management strategies.