Subcortical Brain Structures
Subcortical Brain Structures - Related Videos
09:00
Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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Cited by 3 •
2015
Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is an operative technique used in epilepsy surgery to help localize seizure foci. It also affords a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. Here we describe how SEEG can be used to investigate cognitive processes in human subjects.
03:49
Recording Cortical and Subcortical Neuronal Activity Using Electrode Systems
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2025
This video demonstrates the process of recording cortical and subcortical neuronal activity using electroencephalography (EEG) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes during an attention-based visual stimulation test.
17:13
Exploring Deep Space - Uncovering the Anatomy of Periventricular Structures to Reveal the Lateral Ventricles of the Human Brain
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Cited by 2 •
2017
This paper demonstrates the effective use of a fiber dissection method to reveal the superficial white matter tracts and periventricular structures of the human brain, in three-dimensional space, to aid student comprehension of ventricular morphology.
08:16
High-resolution Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Subcortex In Vivo and Postmortem
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Cited by 5 •
2015
Here we present a protocol to determine the minimum number images that needed to be registered and averaged to resolve subcortical structures and test whether the individual layers of the LGN could be resolved in the absence of physiological noise.
08:36
A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology
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Cited by 21 •
2016
Here we present methodology for the production of a focal stroke in murine white matter by local injection of an irreversible endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (L-Nio). Presented are two stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, and fresh tissue labeling and dissection that expand the potential applications of this technique.
FAQs
Their functions emerge from interconnected circuits rather than isolated activity. Sensory signals can be relayed through the thalamus, while cortical connections and feedback loops shape how information is processed and acted upon. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission help regulate these pathways, allowing subcortical regions to influence movement, homeostasis, learning, memory, and emotion.
A balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission allows subcortical circuits to regulate the timing and strength of neural activity. This balance supports coordinated signaling across feedback loops and cortical connections. Disrupted circuit regulation can therefore affect functions such as movement, sensory processing, emotional responses, or memory, making these mechanisms important in neuroscience research.
The hippocampus is especially relevant to learning and memory, whereas the amygdala contributes to emotional processing. Their roles illustrate how different subcortical regions can support distinct behavioral functions while operating within interconnected neural circuits. Examining their activity alongside cortical connections helps researchers relate changes in circuit function to memory disorders or anxiety.
Research on these regions can connect altered circuit activity with conditions including Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, anxiety, and memory disorders. Because the structures participate in movement, sensory relay, homeostasis, learning, memory, and emotion, their study helps explain how dysfunction in particular pathways may produce different neurological or behavioral outcomes.
Their contributions to movement, sensory processing, homeostasis, learning, memory, and emotion provide functional domains for neurological assessment. Evaluating changes in these domains can help relate observed symptoms to underlying neural circuits. This context is useful when clinicians and neuroscientists investigate disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, anxiety, or memory disorders.
Mapping the connections, feedback loops, and neurotransmission involved in subcortical circuits can identify mechanisms associated with neurological and behavioral disorders. That knowledge informs targeted treatments by linking intervention goals to affected functions or pathways. The approach is particularly relevant when studying movement disorders, seizure-related conditions, anxiety, and disturbances of memory.