in-vitro-methylation-assay-to-study-protein-arginine-methylation

<em>In vitro </em>Methylation Assay to Study Protein Arginine Methylation

Protein arginine methylation is one of the most abundant post-translational modifications in the nucleus. Protein arginine methylation can be identified ...

The Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay

Anchorage-independent growth is the ability of transformed cells to grow independently of a solid surface, and is a hallmark of carcinogenesis. The soft ...

University of Illinois at Chicago

p38 MAPK pathway signaling is known to participate in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, in a manner dependent on the cellular context. The factors that determine the specific biological response in a given cell type, however, remain largely unknown. We report opposite effects of the p38 isoforms on regulation of AP-1-dependent activities by p38 activators MAPK kinase 6 (MKK6) and/or arsenite in human breast cancer cells. The p38beta isoform increases the activation of AP-1 transcriptional activities by MKK6 and/or arsenite, whereas p38gamma/p38delta inhibits or has no effect on the stimulation. The p38beta does so by increasing the levels of phosphorylated c-Jun, whereas the p38gamma and -delta isoforms may act by regulating the c-jun transcription. AP-1-dependent processes such as vitamin D receptor gene promoter activation and cellular proliferation were similarly activated by the p38beta or inhibited by the p38gamma and/or -delta isoforms. Whereas the human breast cancer cells express all four isoforms, mouse NIH 3T3 and EMT-6 cells express only some of the p38 family members, with p38beta higher in 3T3 cells but p38delta only detected in the EMT-6 line. Consistent with the positive and negative roles of p38beta and p38delta in AP-1 regulation, MKK6 stimulates AP-1-dependent transcription in NIH 3T3 but not EMT-6 cells. In support of a role of c-Jun regulation by p38 isoforms in determining AP-1 activity, the levels of endogenous c-Jun and its phosphorylated form on p38 activation are higher in NIH 3T3 cells. These results demonstrate the contrasting activities of the different p38 isoforms in transmitting the upstream signal to AP-1 and show that the expression profile of p38 isoforms determines whether the p38 signal pathway activates or inhibits AP-1-dependent processes.

p38 isoforms have opposite effects on AP-1-dependent transcription through regulation of c-Jun. The determinant roles of the isoforms in the p38 MAPK signal specificity.

c-Jun, a major component of the AP-1 transcription factor, is either pro- or anti-apoptotic with cellular determinants unknown. Nuclear estrogen receptor (ER), on the other hand, regulates gene expression through both estrogen response elements and AP-1. Here we show that stress stimulates c-Jun phosphorylation and AP-1 activity in both ER+ and ER- human breast cancer cells and only induces cell death in ER- cells, indicating a determinant role of ER in c-Jun/AP-1 activity. The inhibitory effect of ER in stress-induced cell death is confirmed by ER transfection into ER- cells. Furthermore, inhibition of c-Jun activation by a dominant negative c-Jun blocks AP-1 activity in ER+ cells and attenuates stress-induced cell death but not AP-1 activity in ER- cells, suggesting that the c-Jun/AP-1 activity has distinct properties depending on ER status. ER was shown to inhibit stress-induced cell death through its physical interaction with c-Jun. This is because ER binds c-Jun in breast cancer cells, stress treatment further increases the ER-bound phosphorylated c-Jun, and the c-Jun binding-deficient ER mutant fails to protect stress-induced cell death. Together, our studies reveal a novel function of ER in stress response by modification of c-Jun activity.

Estrogen receptor inhibits c-Jun-dependent stress-induced cell death by binding and modifying c-Jun activity in human breast cancer cells.

BRCA1 is a large protein that exhibits a multiplicity of functions in its apparent role in DNA repair. Certain mutations of BRCA1 are known to have exceptionally high penetrance with respect to familial breast and ovarian cancers. The structures of the N-terminus and C-terminus of the protein have been determined. The C-terminus unit consists of two alpha-beta-alpha domains designated BRCT. We predicated two homologous BRCT regions in the BRCA1 internal region, and subsequently produced and purified these protein domains. Both recombinant domains show significant self-association capabilities as well as a preferential tendency to interact with each other. These results suggest a possible regulatory mechanism for BRCA1 function. We have demonstrated p53-binding activity by an additional region, and confirmed previous results showing that two regions of BRCA1 protein bind p53 in vitro. Based on sequence analysis, we predict five p53-binding sites. Our comparison of binding by wild-type and mutant domains indicates the sequence specificity of BRCA1-p53 interaction.

Primary structure-based function characterization of BRCT domain replicates in BRCA1.

Disseminated herpes simplex virus-1 is usually seen in the neonatal period or in immunocompromized individuals. We present a 5-y-old immunocompetent child who was diagnosed with disseminated HSV-1 after he presented with fever and seizures. He had multiorgan failure and DIC, but had an excellent outcome after treatment with acyclovir.

Disseminated HSV-1 in a five-year-old immunocompetent child: case report.

The BRCA1 gene plays an important role in the maintenance of genomic stability. BRCA1 inactivation contributes to breast cancer tumorigenesis. An increasing number of transcription factors have been shown to regulate BRCA1 expression. c-Myc can act as a transcriptional activator, regulating up to 15% of all genes in the human genome and results from a high throughput screen suggest that BRCA1 is one of its targets. In this report, we used cultured breast cancer cells to examine the mechanisms of transcriptional activation of BRCA1 by c-Myc.

ArticleTotal : 2	Year
Publication title Cited by 8	2014
Publication title Cited by 525	2014

Article	Year
p38 isoforms have opposite effects on AP-1-dependent transcription through regulation of c-Jun. The determinant roles of the isoforms in the p38 MAPK signal specificity. The Journal of biological chemistry\| PubMed ID: 12475989	2003
Estrogen receptor inhibits c-Jun-dependent stress-induced cell death by binding and modifying c-Jun activity in human breast cancer cells. The Journal of biological chemistry\| PubMed ID: 14638681	2004
Primary structure-based function characterization of BRCT domain replicates in BRCA1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications\| PubMed ID: 16677609	2006
Disseminated HSV-1 in a five-year-old immunocompetent child: case report. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases\| PubMed ID: 17577833	2007
c-Myc activates BRCA1 gene expression through distal promoter elements in breast cancer cells. BMC cancer\| PubMed ID: 21668996	2011

Stanley Borowicz

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