Name: how environment shapes gene expression
Uploaded: 2024-10-24T14:03:06.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.6

Gene-Environment Interactions

基因表达受到辐射、温度、行为、营养和应激等环境因素的影响。
反应范围表明，基因设定了生物体物理性状的潜在上限，而环境条件则在这些限制范围内塑造实际的表现结果。例如，遗传因素可能为个体设定一个潜在的身高范围，如 5'5&#34; 到 6'1&#34;。然而，营养和医疗保健等环境因素将决定在此范围内实际达到的身高。
基因-环境相关性强调了基因与环境之间的双向影响，即两者相互影响并相互响应。例如，具有阅读遗传倾向的儿童可能较早对书籍产生兴趣，从而促使父母和教师提供更多书籍及相关支持。
在表观遗传学中，研究人员探索相同的基因型如何导致不同的表型。例如，同卵双胞胎具有相同的基因，但由于环境和生活经历的不同，他们在行为和认知过程方面可能表现出显著差异，如音乐能力或阅读习惯。

基因-环境相互作用

基因表达是一个动态过程，受环境因素的显著影响。这种相互作用是生物发育复杂性质的基础，也是即便在具有相同基因组的个体之间，表现型差异的来源。。辐射、温度、行为、营养和压力等因素在决定基因表达方式方面起着关键作用。反应范围的概念对于理解这种相互作用至关重要。它假定，虽然遗传学确定了潜在的界限（例如身高范围从 165 厘米到 185 厘米），但环境因素决定了个体特征在这些界限内的具体位置。

反应范围理论有效地说明了基因设定了环境作用的边界。例如，如果基因决定了一个人可能的身高范围，那么营养、身体活动和发育期间的整体健康状况等环境因素将影响个人的实际身高在该范围内的具体位置。该理论强调了环境对遗传潜力表达中的重要作用。

这种相互作用通过遗传-环境相关性得到进一步阐述，强调了基因和环境之间的双向关系。基因可以影响环境对个体特征的塑造，反过来，环境条件也可以影响基因表达。一个典型的例子是具有阅读遗传倾向的儿童，他们往往更主动地寻找书籍阅读。这种行为可以带来增强的环境支持。例如，增加阅读机会以及来自父母和教育者的鼓励，这反过来又促进了阅读技能的进一步提升。

在表观遗传学领域，重点是相同的遗传密码如何导致截然不同的结果。表观遗传学研究不改变 DNA 序列但仍能影响基因活动的修饰。例如，同卵双胞胎拥有相同的 基因组，但由于不同的环境暴露和生活经历，基因表达模式可能会发生变化。这些差异可能导致双胞胎在健康状况和外貌特征上的不同，突显了环境因素的强大影响。

另一个例子是音乐能力。具有音乐天赋的孩子如果在一个充满音乐的环境中成长，比起没有这种机会的孩子，更有可能发展出较高的音乐才能。这种情况不仅表明了遗传的潜力，也表明了养育在实现和扩展遗传可能性方面具有重要作用。

基因表达受到辐射、温度、行为、营养和压力等环境因素的影响。  
反应范围表明……

Education

教育

JoVE Core

Introduction to Psychology

心理学导论

Unit 1

第一单元

Biopsychology

生物心理学

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

how environment shapes gene expression

Environmental factors can change how genes are expressed. Gene expression is a dynamic process, and traits can differ even in people with the same DNA. Radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress all help shape the final outcome.

The reaction range helps explain this process. It means genes set a possible range for a trait, while the environment helps decide where a person falls within that range. For example, genetics may allow a height range from 5'5&quot; to 6'1&quot;, but nutrition, physical activity, and overall health during development can influence the final height.

Gene-environment correlation also plays a role. In this relationship, genes can influence the kind of environment a person seeks out, and the environment can then affect gene expression. A child with a genetic tendency toward reading may choose books more often, which can lead to more support, more access to books, and more encouragement from parents and teachers.

Epigenetics shows how the same DNA can lead to different results. It studies changes that do not alter the DNA sequence but still affect gene activity. Identical twins are a clear example because they share the same DNA, yet different environments and life experiences can lead to different gene expression patterns and different health or physical traits.

Musical ability also shows this interaction. A child with a genetic inclination for music may develop stronger skills when raised in an environment rich in musical experiences. This example shows that genetics can provide potential, but nurturing and experience can help shape how far that potential develops.

How Environment Shapes Gene Expression

introduction to biological bases of psychology

introduction-to-biological-bases-of-psychology

Biological Factors Shaping Behavior and Mind

Biopsychology connects biology and psychology by showing how the body influences behavior and mental processes. It focuses on the nervous system, neurotransmitters, hormones, genetics, and evolutionary ideas. Together, these areas help explain why people think, feel, and act the way they do. The nervous system is the main foundation of biopsychology. It has two parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and...

nervous system

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neurons as communicators of the brain

Neuron Parts and Signal Transmission

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neuronal communication

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neurotransmitters

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cerebral hemispheres

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spinal cord

Spinal Cord Nerves and Reflexes

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lateralization

Brain Hemisphere Specialization

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human genetics

Genes, Behavior, and Mental Health

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behavioral genetics and its designs

How Behavior Genetics Studies Inheritance

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organization of the brain

Brain Regions and Their Key Functions

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evolutionary psychology

Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior

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neuroplasticity

How the Brain Rewires Itself

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brain imaging

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Brain scanning techniques help scientists and doctors see the structure and activity of the human brain. These methods support the diagnosis, study, and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. The main techniques include computerized axial tomography, or CT, positron-emission tomography, or PET, magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, and transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS. CT scans use X-ray technology to build detailed...

the endocrine system

Endocrine Glands and Hormone Signals

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somatosensory, motor, and association cortex

somatosensory-motor-and-association-cortex

Brain Cortex Areas for Sensation and Movement

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major hormones and their functions

Hormone Imbalances and Their Effects

Hormones are chemical messengers made by endocrine glands. They help control body functions and keep internal conditions stable. When hormone levels shift too far up or down, normal body processes can be disrupted. Several major hormones have clear roles in the body. Oxytocin is made in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It supports social bonding, childbirth, and lactation. Low oxytocin can affect social interaction and stress response, and it may contribute to depression.

inheritance

Genes, Traits, and Mendel's Rules

Genes, traits, and Mendel's rules explain how characteristics pass from parents to offspring. Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments changed how scientists understand heredity. His work showed that traits are controlled by discrete units inside organisms called genes. Genes usually come in pairs. One gene is inherited from each parent, and together they make a person's genotype. Genotype is the genetic blueprint for potential traits. Examples include blood type, eye color, and inherited...

gene-environment interactions

Environmental factors can change how genes are expressed. Gene expression is a dynamic process, and traits can differ even in people with the same DNA. Radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress all help shape the final outcome. The reaction range helps explain this process. It means genes set a possible range for a trait, while the environment helps decide where a person falls within that range. For example, genetics may allow a height range from 5'5" to 6'1", but nutrition,...

heritability

Heritability and the Environment

Heritability describes how genetic differences contribute to trait variation in a population. It is a statistical measure, so it shows how much of the spread in a trait can be linked to genes across a group. It does not tell you how “genetic” a trait is in an individual person. Heritability is usually expressed as a percentage. That percentage can change depending on which population is studied and what environmental conditions are present. This means heritability is context-dependent, not...

natural selection and adaptation

Adaptation in Changing Environments

Natural selection explains how organisms become better suited to their environments over time. It favors individuals with traits that improve survival and reproduction. Adaptation is the result. It includes genetic changes that help an organism function in specific conditions, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes. Adaptation is not only physical. Psychological adaptation also helps organisms, especially humans, succeed in their surroundings. These responses come from both...

natural selection and mating preferences

How Selection Shapes Mate Choice

Natural selection and mating preferences work together to shape how organisms survive and reproduce. Natural selection favors traits that help an organism fit its environment. Mating preferences are part of sexual selection, which influences who mates with whom and how genes are passed on. Evolutionary psychologists argue that these preferences are tied to instincts that support reproduction. For females, conception, pregnancy, and nursing create a strong need to choose mates who can offer...

criticisms of the evolutionary perspective

criticisms-of-the-evolutionary-perspective

Social Learning vs. Evolutionary Psychology

Social learning theory and evolutionary psychology offer two different ways to explain sexual behavior. A study in which strangers gave students compliments and then asked for casual sex showed a clear gender gap. None of the women said yes, while 70% of the men agreed. Evolutionary psychology explains this result by arguing that natural selection may have shaped women to be more selective about sexual partners. From this view, selectivity can help improve survival and reproductive success. It...

key terms and concepts

Explore how nutrition, stress, behavior, and other environmental factors influence gene expression, reaction range, epigenetics, and trait development.

How Environment Shapes Gene Expression | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology offers an engaging learning experience on the fundamental principles of psychology through concise video lessons. Students will explore important topics such as cognitive processes, emotional regulation, and neural mechanisms, establishing a strong foundation in the study of the mind and human behavior. This series provides an accessible and captivating approach to grasp the essential concepts of the discipline.

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How Environment Shapes Gene Expression

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