Name: building artificial tissue with biomaterials
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:32:11.000Z
Duration: 6 min 51 s
Channel: JoVE

<div class="chapter_text" id="script_0">组织工程是再生医学的一个领域，利用细胞、生物材料和生物活性分子来创建、修复或替代组织。天然组织由结构成分——即细胞外基质（ECM）——以及定植于其中的组织特异性细胞组成。工程化组织旨在尽可能模拟天然组织，通过使用天然或人工构建的结构成分与组织特异性细胞来实现这一目标。本视频将介绍组织工程领域的基本概念，演示该领域中一些常用的技术与挑战，并介绍该技术的一些应用方向。</div><div class="chapter_text" id="script_1">首先，让我们来看一下工程化组织的典型组成成分。组织的构建首先需要使用生物材料制备支架。组织支架旨在提供结构支持并模拟天然的细胞外基质（ECM）。根据所需组织类型的差异，组织支架可呈现多种不同的形态，例如纤维膜或水凝胶。无论何种情况，所使用的生物材料都必须能够促进细胞黏附以及理想的细胞相互作用。此外，也可采用来自供体器官的脱细胞支架，为新组织提供结构支持。下一个组分是细胞。所有组织均依赖活细胞，这些细胞决定了组织类型。例如，成纤维细胞用于构建皮肤，软骨细胞用于构建软骨。工程化组织中所使用的细胞可来源于多种途径。原代细胞是从天然组织中提取的，该过程需要将天然组织切碎并用酶消化以释放细胞。或者，也可使用来自细胞库的继代细胞。然而，这些细胞并非患者特异性，可能引发排斥反应。最后，还可以使用干细胞，这是一类未分化的细胞，能够分化为不同类型的特化细胞，或进行自我复制。为了构建组织，需将选定的细胞接种到组织支架上，并添加必要的生长因子以促进组织形成。接种后的支架随后在静态培养条件下进行培养。或者，也可使用专门的组织培养反应器来接种并培养工程化组织。</div><div class="chapter_text" id="script_2">在介绍完工程化组织的组成成分后，让我们来看一下该领域中一些常用的方法。组织支架的制备可能是决定组织力学性能的最关键因素。一种常用的支架形态是静电纺丝支架，它由微米级纤维构成的无纺膜组成。静电纺丝通过在装有生物材料的注射器针尖与收集板之间施加电压来实现。由此产生的微纤维不断积聚，直至形成的纤维膜达到支架所需的各项要求。该支架必须具备相互连通的微孔结构，以允许细胞和营养物质迁移；足够的表面积以促进细胞黏附；以及与天然组织相匹配的力学性能。接下来，用于组织生长的一项关键技术是组织培养反应器。通常通过液滴接种或浸没法将细胞接种到组织支架上，并在静态培养条件下使其生长。然而，天然组织（如血管）是在机械刺激环境下发育的。组织培养反应器旨在模拟生理条件，例如动脉中的脉动血流，从而影响动脉内皮细胞和肌细胞的行为与生长。</div><div class="chapter_text" id="script_3">然而，该领域仍面临诸多挑战。体外工程化组织的主要局限在于缺乏血管系统。天然组织具有血管化结构，可输送营养物质并清除代谢废物。然而，工程化组织严重依赖扩散作用，这限制了营养供应和组织的尺寸。一种实现血管化的策略是利用带有内置血管结构的合成支架，以帮助向组织输送营养物质。尽管工程化组织具有广泛的应用前景，但目前尚难以大规模生产以满足临床应用需求。对于植入用途，需先从患者体内获取细胞，再在支架上进行扩增和培养。这将需要为每位患者单独建立细胞培养系统。除了这些步骤所需的时间较长外，监管方面的挑战以及高昂的成本也使得该技术目前难以广泛实施。</div><div class="chapter_text" id="script_4">在了解了组织工程领域当前的一些方法与挑战之后，让我们来看看该技术的一些应用。组织工程可用于慢性伤口或烧伤的愈合。其中一种方法是使用含有生长因子但不含细胞的组织支架。脱细胞基质可促进细胞迁移并刺激组织生长。或者，对于较深的伤口，可使用含有细胞的基质，使其整合到宿主组织中。最终，研究人员的目标是能够完全替代受损器官。目前，这一目标主要通过器官培养来实现。首先，将供体器官（例如本例中的肺）进行脱细胞处理，同时保留其天然结构，然后利用患者自身的细胞对肺进行再细胞化。这种方法可减少排斥反应，并避免对供体匹配的依赖。</div><div class="chapter_text" id="script_5">您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于组织工程学的概述视频。现在，您应该对该领域中的一些基本概念和方法，以及一些关键挑战和应用有了一定的了解。感谢您的观看。</div>

组织工程概述

组织工程&#160;旨在利用生物材料、特定细胞和生长因子构建人工组织。这些经工程化构建的组织具有广泛的应用前景，可用于器官替代和组织修复。
本视频介绍了组织工程领域，并探讨了工程化组织的各个组成部分。视频还概述了用于构建组织支架、引入细胞群体以及促进细胞生长与增殖的一些主要方法。最后，展示了该技术面临的一些关键挑战及其重要应用。

组织工程&#160;旨在利用生物材料、特定细胞和生长因子人工构建组织。这些工程化组织结构具有广泛的应用前景，可用于器官替代和组织修复。
本视频介绍了组织工程领域，并探讨了工程化组织的组成部分。视频还概述了用于构建组织支架、接种细胞群体以及促进细胞生长和增殖的一些主要方法。最后，展示了该技术面临的一些关键挑战及其重要应用。

组织工程旨在利用生物材料、特定细胞和生长因子人工构建组织。这些经工程化构建的组织具有……

组织工程是再生医学的一个领域，利用细胞、生物材料和生物活性分子来创建、修复或替换组织。天然组织由结构成分——即细胞外基质（ECM）——以及定植于其中的组织特异性细胞组成。工程化组织旨在尽可能接近天然组织，使用天然或人工设计的结构成分与组织特异性细胞。本视频将介绍组织工程领域的基本概念，演示该领域中一些常用的技术与面临的挑战，并介绍这一技术的一些应用方向。首先，让我们来看一下工程化组织的典型组成成分。组织的构建首先需要使用生物材料制备支架。组织支架旨在提供结构支持，并模拟天然的细胞外基质（ECM）。根据目标组织类型的不同，组织支架可以具有多种不同的形态，例如纤维膜或水凝胶。无论何种形态，所使用的生物材料都必须能够促进细胞黏附以及理想的细胞相互作用。此外，也可采用来自供体器官的脱细胞支架，为新组织提供结构支持。第二个组分是细胞。所有组织均依赖活细胞，这些细胞决定了组织的类型。例如，成纤维细胞用于构建皮肤，软骨细胞用于构建软骨。工程化组织中所用的细胞可来源于多种途径。原代细胞是从天然组织中提取的，该过程需要将组织切碎并用酶消化以释放细胞。 alternatively，也可使用来自细胞库的继代细胞。然而，这些细胞并非患者特异性，可能引发免疫排斥反应。最后，还可以使用干细胞，这是一类未分化的细胞，具有分化为不同类型特化细胞的能力，或进行自我复制。为了构建组织，需将选定的细胞接种到组织支架上，并添加必要的生长因子以促进组织形成。接种后的支架可在静态培养条件下生长。 alternatively，也可使用专门的组织培养反应器来接种并培养工程化组织。在介绍完工程化组织的组成成分后，让我们来看一下该领域中一些常用的方法。组织支架的制备往往是决定组织力学性能的最关键因素。一种常见的支架结构是静电纺丝支架，它由微米级纤维构成的无纺膜组成。静电纺丝通过在装有生物材料的注射器针尖与收集板之间施加电压来实现。由此产生的微纤维不断积聚，直至形成的纤维膜达到支架所需的各项指标。该支架必须具备相互连通的微孔结构，以允许细胞和营养物质迁移；足够的表面积以促进细胞黏附；以及与天然组织相匹配的力学性能。接下来，用于组织生长的一项关键技术是组织培养反应器。组织支架通常通过液滴接种或浸没法接种细胞，并在静态培养条件下进行培养。然而，天然组织（如血管）是在机械刺激环境下生长的。组织培养反应器旨在模拟生理条件，例如动脉中的脉动血流，从而影响动脉内皮细胞和肌细胞的行为与生长。然而，该领域仍面临诸多挑战。体外工程化组织的主要局限在于缺乏血管系统。天然组织具有血管化结构，可输送营养物质并清除代谢废物。然而，工程化组织严重依赖扩散作用，这限制了营养供应和组织的尺寸。一种实现血管化的策略是使用带有内置血管结构的合成支架，以帮助向组织输送营养物质。尽管工程化组织具有广泛的应用前景，但目前尚难以大规模生产以满足临床需求。对于植入应用，首先需要从患者体内获取细胞，随后在支架上进行扩增和培养。这将要求为每位患者单独建立细胞培养系统。除了这些步骤所需耗费的大量时间外，监管方面的挑战以及高昂的成本也使得该技术目前难以广泛实施。在了解了组织工程领域当前的一些方法和挑战之后，让我们来看看该技术的一些应用。组织工程可用于慢性伤口或烧伤的修复治疗。其中一种方法是使用含有生长因子但不含细胞的组织支架。脱细胞基质可促进宿主细胞的迁移并刺激组织再生。另一种方法是针对较深的伤口，使用含有活细胞的基质材料，使其与宿主组织整合。最终，研究人员的目标是能够完全替代受损器官。目前，这一目标主要通过器官培养技术来实现。首先，将供体器官（例如本例中的肺）进行脱细胞处理，同时保留其原有的三维结构，随后利用患者自身的细胞对肺组织进行再细胞化。这种方法可减少免疫排斥反应，并降低对供体匹配的需求。您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于组织工程学的概述视频。现在，您应该对该领域中的一些基本概念和方法，以及一些关键挑战和应用有了一定的了解。感谢观看。

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生物工程

Overview of Tissue Engineering

building artificial tissue with biomaterials

Tissue engineering uses biomaterials, specific cells, and growth factors to build artificial tissue. These engineered tissue constructs are designed for tissue repair and, in some cases, organ replacement.

The field focuses on how to make tissue work like natural tissue. It begins with a scaffold, which is a structure that supports cell growth. Cells are then added to the scaffold, and growth factors help encourage proliferation, or cell multiplication.

The video also outlines common methods used to create the scaffold and introduce a cell population. It highlights the main challenges in making engineered tissue. It also shows important applications of the technology in medicine.

Building Artificial Tissue with Biomaterials

building-artificial-tissue-with-biomaterials

overview of biomaterials

Biomaterials in Medicine and Engineering

Biomaterials are materials designed to interact well with biological organisms or molecules. They may come from an organism, be produced by an organism, or be made as a synthetic polymer. Because of these properties, engineers use biomaterials in medicine and other biological applications. These materials are used in tissue engineering, biosensing, and drug delivery. Tissue engineering uses materials to support the growth or repair of tissues. Biosensing uses materials to detect biological...

collagen hydrogels

Porcine Collagen for Tissue Engineering

Collagen is a useful biomaterial with uses that go beyond the lab. It has also found commercial use in photography. In tissue engineering, collagen can be turned into hydrogels that give engineered tissue support and structure. This page follows the path from porcine skin to a collagen hydrogel. Porcine skin is used as the source of collagen. The material is then prepared for use in tissue engineering applications. The video also shows several applications of collagen and the methods used to...

electrospinning of silk biomaterials

Silk Cocoon Processing for Fiber Mats

Silk cocoons can be processed into a soluble material that is useful for making biomaterials. Silk fibers have been used for fabrics and threads for centuries, but turning them into a versatile pre-polymer solution is a newer technique. That solution can then be shaped into materials with controllable mechanical properties. The process begins with silk worm cocoons. The silk is solubilized, or dissolved, so it can be handled as a liquid-like solution. The video then shows how that silk...

overview of biomem devices

BioMEMs in Diagnostics and Miniaturization

Bio-microelectromechanical systems, or BioMEMs, are microscale devices used in diagnostic settings. They work with very small sample and reagent volumes in vivo and in vitro, which means inside a living body or outside it in a lab. These compact systems support bioengineering research and help make diagnostic tools more efficient. BioMEMs can carry out functions such as filtration, sensing, and synthesis on a tiny scale. Using less material can lower costs and improve sensitivity. The...

microfabrication via photolithography

Photolithography for Silicon Wafer Patterning

Photolithography is a common microfabrication method used to pattern a silicon wafer. It uses light to transfer a design onto the wafer surface. This process helps form the basis for many BioMEM devices. The page also shows how photolithography is carried out in a cleanroom. Cleanroom steps are important because they support careful fabrication of small, detailed features. The video ends by introducing applications of this process in BioMEM device production.

soft lithography

Photolithography for Microfluidic Device Making

Photolithography and soft lithography are used to make BioMEM devices such as microfluidic channels. A microscale pattern is copied by curing an elastomeric polymer over a 3D structure. The result is a polymer piece that can serve as part of a biological device. These polymer structures are then used to build a range of tools. Some are microfluidic channels for biosensing applications. Others are microscale bioreactors that let scientists visualize micro-colonies. The process also shows how...

overview of bioprocess engineering

Bioreactors and Protein Production in Bioprocessing

Bioprocessing uses living organisms to make a desired target product. In many cases, that product is a protein made in a bioreactor, which is a controlled vessel for growing cells. This process often relies on genetically engineered organisms. Engineers design the system so the cells can produce proteins at large scale. That approach is central to making biotherapeutics, which are drugs made from biological materials. Biotherapeutics are important medicines for complex diseases such as...

synthetic biology

Engineering Cells to Produce Proteins

Synthetic biology is a bioengineering method for programming cells to make useful products. In many cases, the goal is to genetically modify an organism so it can produce large amounts of a protein. That protein may already be made by the cell, or it may come from a newly inserted DNA sequence. The process depends on changing an organism’s genetic material. This is done with transformation or transfection, two common ways to introduce DNA into cells. The video also shows how this work is...

batch and continuous bioreactors

Growing Cells in Bioreactors

Bioreactors are used to grow organisms in large volumes. This makes it possible to produce large amounts of a target product. In laboratory and bioengineering settings, they provide a controlled place for cell growth and product formation. The two main reactor types are batch reactors and continuous reactors. A batch reactor contains all of the materials needed for cell growth at the start. A continuous reactor has inlet and outlet ports, so fresh growth media can be added while cell waste is...

overview of biosensing

How Biosensors Detect Molecules

Biosensors detect biological molecules and chemical contaminants by combining biology with physical measurement. They can identify targets such as proteins or cells, as well as non-biological molecules like chemicals or contaminants. This makes biosensing a useful field for studying and monitoring many kinds of samples. These devices rely on different signal types to find the target molecule. Some biosensors use electrical signals, while others depend on optical, electrochemical, or mechanical...

electrochemical biosensing

Glucose Sensors and Cancer Detection

Electrochemical biosensors detect target molecules by measuring an oxidation-reduction event. That signal changes when a molecule binds to the sensor surface. These sensors helped shape modern biosensing after the first glucose biosensor was invented. The glucose biosensor is a key example of this technology. It shows how electrochemical sensing can track a biological target through a measurable electrical change. The same basic idea also helps explain how electrochemical biosensors can be...

optical biosensing

Detecting Molecules with Light

Optical biosensors detect target molecules with light. They monitor binding by reading an optical signal from the sample. This makes them useful for seeing when a target molecule is present. Some optical biosensors use a label molecule. The label creates a measurable signal, such as fluorescence. Other optical biosensors are label-free and track changes in optical properties, such as refractive index, as binding occurs. This page introduces both label and label-free optical biosensors. It...

overview of tissue engineering

Tissue engineering uses biomaterials, specific cells, and growth factors to build artificial tissue. These engineered tissue constructs are designed for tissue repair and, in some cases, organ replacement. The field focuses on how to make tissue work like natural tissue. It begins with a scaffold, which is a structure that supports cell growth. Cells are then added to the scaffold, and growth factors help encourage proliferation, or cell multiplication. The video also outlines common methods...

histotypic tissue culture

3D Cell Growth on Engineered Matrices

Histotypic tissue culture uses an engineered three-dimensional matrix to grow and propagate cells. Compared with common two-dimensional tissue culture, cells in a 3D setting behave more realistically and better mimic native tissue. The method is useful when high cell density is needed. The process begins by harvesting cells from donor tissue. Those cells are then placed onto an engineered construct for culture. This setup supports growth in a three-dimensional space instead of a flat surface.

whole organ tissue culture

Lung Decellularization and Recellularization

Whole organs can be cultured ex vivo using specialized bioreactors to support repair or replacement of entire organs. In this approach, a donor organ is first stripped of all cells. What remains is the three-dimensional structure of the organ, which can then be repopulated with new cells. The lung is the example shown here. The method uses a dynamic culture system that provides mechanical stimulation, similar to what the organ experiences in the body. This type of culture helps induce native...

bioengineering

该系列涵盖了核心生物工程概念, 包括生物材料的生产、histotypic 和整个器官组织培养、生物技术, 以及 bioMEMs 和传感的复杂系统级领域。

Explore how tissue engineering uses biomaterials, cells, and growth factors to build artificial tissue for repair, organ replacement, and medical applications.

Building Artificial Tissue with Biomaterials

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