Name: biomaterials in medicine and engineering
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:32:59.000Z
Duration: 7 min 44 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Arizona Science Standards

High School

Physical Science

HS.P1

HS.P1U3.4

Overview of Biomaterials

<div class="chapter_text" id="script_0">如今，生物学正被用于应对工程学领域的挑战，因为生物来源的材料具备许多人工合成材料所无法实现的关键特性。生物来源的材料，有时也称为生物材料，来源于活的或曾经存活的生物体。近年来，这类材料因其良好的生物相容性，以及能够作为容纳生物分子和细胞的基质而受到广泛关注。本视频将介绍几种常见的生物来源材料，并概述该领域中常用的技术与面临的挑战。</div><div class="chapter_text" id="script_1">在生物工程研究中，有许多来源于生物的聚合物，即生物聚合物。首先，胶原蛋白是一种广泛使用的蛋白质聚合物，通常来源于牛的皮肤、肌腱和骨骼，甚至大鼠尾巴。胶原蛋白纤维具有三重螺旋结构，赋予材料强度和刚性。由于这一特性，胶原蛋白常被用作工程化组织构建物的结构组分，尤其是在骨组织和类似皮肤的人工组织中。另一种常见的蛋白质聚合物是丝素蛋白，来源于蚕茧。该蛋白质的二级结构含有大量β片层结晶区域，使其具有高强度和柔韧性。与胶原蛋白类似，丝素蛋白也常用于人工组织的结构组分，通常应用于皮肤和肌肉等柔性组织。此外，丝素蛋白还可浇铸成薄膜，用于光学器件以及电子器件的基底材料。另一种生物聚合物壳聚糖，则来源于甲壳类动物（如螃蟹或龙虾）的外壳。该聚合物的溶解性依赖于pH值，因此可通过调节pH值来简便地控制材料的固化过程。壳聚糖常用于创面修复，通过形成与再生组织相容的薄膜发挥作用。</div><div class="chapter_text" id="script_2">现在让我们来看一些用于操控这些生物材料的重要方法。首先，生物材料通常被制成水凝胶，以形成具有高度亲水性且生物相容性更高的结构。水凝胶是一种类似固体的聚合物网络，含水量高，常用于人工组织中的组织构建体。要制备胶原蛋白水凝胶，首先将聚合物在水溶液（如培养基）中加热，然后将该溶液浇注到模具中。随后冷却溶液直至固化。此外，可采用紫外光交联以提高凝胶的稳定性，其原理是通过共价键连接聚合物链上的残基。或者，可通过将聚合物溶液逐滴加入交联溶液中形成水凝胶微球。这些微球可用于在蛋白质中稳定细胞。生物材料还可通过静电纺丝技术形成纤维膜。该技术通过在装有生物聚合物溶液的注射器针尖与收集表面之间施加电场来实现，从而诱导形成微米级纤维，进而构建出模拟组织中细胞外基质的结构。此外，生物材料的薄膜也可通过电沉积法制备。该方法需在含有生物材料溶液的双电极体系中施加一定电势，使生物材料迁移至其中一个电极并在其表面形成一层薄膜。这类薄膜可用于使表面具备生物相容性，例如用于稳定细胞中表面组装的酶。在此例中，壳聚糖薄膜可稳定葡萄糖氧化酶。此外，生物材料也常通过溶液浇铸法在表面形成薄膜。先将溶液滴加至基底表面，随后干燥以完全去除溶剂。薄膜厚度可通过溶液的体积和浓度进行调控。</div><div class="chapter_text" id="script_3">尽管生物材料在生物工程中得到广泛应用，但其使用仍存在固有的挑战。首先，生物材料的天然特性由其来源和分子结构决定。虽然这些材料可用于多种应用，但改变其固有特性可能较为困难。此外，材料的加工过程会改变其性能，有时甚至产生不利影响。生物材料来源于自然界，其性质可能因生物种类以及季节等环境因素而变化，这可能导致批次间的差异，从而对最终应用产生细微影响。最后，大多数生物材料可溶于水，因而限制了其稳定性。由于某些应用要求材料具有永久性，可能需要采用交联或稳定化技术以延长其使用寿命。然而，这可能导致力学性能发生不良改变。</div><div class="chapter_text" id="script_4">生物来源的材料在生物工程研究的多种应用中被广泛使用。首先，生物材料常用于药物递送领域，因为它们通常具有生物可降解性和生物相容性。例如，水凝胶提供了一种生物相容性的基质，能够承载敏感的药物分子，并根据材料的特性以可预测的速率降解，从而实现药物的可控释放。生物材料在医学中已得到广泛应用，例如丝线缝合线，以及基于壳聚糖的伤口敷料和粘合剂。在此示例中，壳聚糖外科粘合膜与一种医用诊断染料共同制备，随后被融合于切割的组织上，以封闭伤口，作为缝合线的替代方案。生物材料领域的一个新兴方向是将蛋白质和其他生物分子（如本例中的DNA）视为聚合物材料。在该方法中，DNA链被设计为具有特定序列，从而诱导DNA链精确折叠成复杂的结构和图案，称为DNA折纸（DNA origami）。这些结构随后可用于构建功能性组装体，能够感知生物信号、改变形状或释放嵌入的生物分子。</div><div class="chapter_text" id="script_5">您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于生物来源材料的概述视频。您现在应该了解几种常见生物材料的来源和特性、实验室中用于处理这些材料的一些技术，以及使用这些材料时面临的一些挑战。感谢观看。</div>

生物材料概述

生物材料是一类经过设计以与生物体或生物分子发生有利相互作用的材料。这些材料可来源于生物体或由生物体产生，也可能是合成的聚合物。工程师将这些新型材料广泛应用于组织工程、生物传感和药物递送等领域。
本视频介绍了常见的生物来源材料，并提供了用于处理这些材料的常用技术示例。同时讨论了该领域的主要挑战，以及这些方法的若干应用。

生物材料是指经过设计以与生物体或生物分子发生有利相互作用的材料。这些材料可来源于生物体或由生物体产生，也可能是合成的聚合物。工程师将这些新型材料广泛应用于组织工程、生物传感和药物递送等多种领域。
本视频介绍了常见的生物来源材料，并提供了用于处理这些材料的常用技术示例。同时讨论了该领域的主要挑战，以及这些方法的若干应用。

生物材料是经工程化设计以与生物体或生物分子发生有利相互作用的材料。这些材料可来源于生物体，或由生物体产生，或通过合成方法制备。

如今，生物学正被用于应对工程学领域的挑战，因为生物来源的材料具有一些人造材料无法比拟的关键特性。生物来源的材料，有时也称为生物材料，来源于活体或曾经存活的生物体。近年来，这类材料因其具有生物相容性，并可作为容纳生物分子和细胞的基质而受到广泛关注。本视频将介绍几种常见的生物来源材料，并概述该领域中常用的技术与面临的挑战。在生物工程研究中，有许多来源于生物的聚合物，即生物聚合物。首先，胶原蛋白是一种广泛使用的蛋白质聚合物，通常来源于牛的皮肤、肌腱和骨骼，甚至大鼠尾巴。胶原纤维具有三重螺旋结构，赋予材料强度和刚性。由于这一特性，胶原蛋白常被用作工程化组织构建体的结构组分，尤其是在骨组织和类似皮肤的人工组织中。另一种常见的蛋白质聚合物是丝素蛋白，来源于蚕茧。该蛋白质的二级结构含有大量β-折叠晶区，从而具有高强度和柔韧性。与胶原蛋白类似，丝素蛋白也常作为人工组织的结构组分，通常用于皮肤和肌肉等柔性组织。然而，丝素蛋白也可被浇铸成薄膜，用于光学器件以及电子器件的基底材料。另一种生物聚合物壳聚糖，则来源于甲壳类动物（如螃蟹或龙虾）的外壳。该聚合物的溶解性依赖于pH值，因此可通过提高pH值使材料固化，从而实现对制备过程的简便调控。壳聚糖常用于创面修复，通过形成与再生组织具有良好生物相容性的薄膜发挥作用。现在让我们来看一些用于处理这些生物材料的主要方法。首先，生物材料通常被制成水凝胶，以形成具有高度亲水性且生物相容性更高的结构。水凝胶是一种类似固体的聚合物网络，含水量高，常用于人工组织中的组织构建体。要使用胶原蛋白制备水凝胶，首先将聚合物在水溶液（如培养基）中加热，然后将溶液倒入模具中。随后冷却溶液直至固化。也可采用紫外光交联来增强凝胶的稳定性，通过共价键连接聚合物链上的残基。或者，可通过将聚合物溶液逐滴加入交联溶液中形成水凝胶微球。这些微球可用于在蛋白质中稳定细胞。生物材料还可通过静电纺丝技术制成纤维膜。该技术通过在装有生物聚合物溶液的注射器针头与收集表面之间施加电场来实现。这会诱导形成微米级纤维，进而构建出模拟组织中细胞外基质的结构。此外，生物材料薄层膜也可通过电沉积方法制备。在此过程中，对含有生物材料溶液的双电极池施加电势，使生物材料迁移至其中一个电极并在其表面形成薄层膜。这些薄层膜可用于提高表面的生物相容性，例如用于稳定细胞中表面组装的酶。在此实例中，壳聚糖薄层膜可稳定葡萄糖氧化酶。此外，生物材料也常通过溶液浇铸法在表面形成薄层膜。首先将溶液滴涂于基底表面，然后干燥以完全去除溶剂。薄膜的厚度可通过溶液的体积和浓度进行调控。尽管生物材料在生物工程领域得到广泛应用，但其使用仍存在固有的挑战。首先，生物材料的天然特性由其来源和分子结构决定。虽然这些材料可用于多种应用，但改变其固有特性可能较为困难。此外，材料的加工过程会改变其性能，有时甚至产生不利影响。生物材料来源于自然界，其性质可能因生物种类以及季节等环境因素而存在差异，这可能导致批次间的变异性，从而对最终应用产生细微影响。最后，大多数生物材料具有水溶性，因而限制了其稳定性。由于某些应用要求材料具有长期稳定性，可能需要采用交联或稳定化技术以延长其使用寿命。然而，这可能导致材料力学性能发生不良改变。生物来源的材料广泛应用于生物工程研究的多个领域。首先，生物材料常用于药物递送系统，因为它们通常具有可生物降解性和生物相容性。例如，水凝胶可提供一种生物相容性良好的基质，能够负载敏感的药物分子，并根据材料的特性以可预测的速率降解，从而实现药物的可控释放。生物材料在医学领域已得到广泛应用，如丝线缝合线，以及基于壳聚糖的伤口敷料和粘合剂。在此示例中，制备了含有医用诊断染料的壳聚糖外科粘合薄膜，随后将其融合于切割的组织上，以替代传统缝合线闭合伤口。生物材料领域的新兴方向是将蛋白质及其他生物分子（例如本例中的DNA）视为聚合物材料。为此，设计具有特定序列的DNA链，使其精确折叠成复杂的结构和图案，称为DNA折纸（DNA origami）。这些结构可用于构建功能性组装体，能够感知生物信号、改变形状或释放嵌入的生物分子。您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于生物来源材料的概述视频。现在，您应该了解几种常见生物材料的来源和特性、实验室中用于处理这些材料的一些技术，以及使用这些材料时可能遇到的一些挑战。感谢观看。

Education

教育

JoVE Science Education

Engineering

工程学

Bioengineering

生物工程

biomaterials in medicine and engineering

Biomaterials are materials designed to interact well with biological organisms or molecules. They may come from an organism, be produced by an organism, or be made as a synthetic polymer. Because of these properties, engineers use biomaterials in medicine and other biological applications.

These materials are used in tissue engineering, biosensing, and drug delivery. Tissue engineering uses materials to support the growth or repair of tissues. Biosensing uses materials to detect biological signals, and drug delivery uses them to help carry medicines where they are needed.

The video also introduces common biologically derived materials and shows several ways to process them. It discusses the main challenges in the field as well. Together, these examples show how biomaterials support practical uses in science and engineering.

Biomaterials in Medicine and Engineering

overview of biomaterials

Biomaterials are materials designed to interact well with biological organisms or molecules. They may come from an organism, be produced by an organism, or be made as a synthetic polymer. Because of these properties, engineers use biomaterials in medicine and other biological applications. These materials are used in tissue engineering, biosensing, and drug delivery. Tissue engineering uses materials to support the growth or repair of tissues. Biosensing uses materials to detect biological...

collagen hydrogels

Porcine Collagen for Tissue Engineering

Collagen is a useful biomaterial with uses that go beyond the lab. It has also found commercial use in photography. In tissue engineering, collagen can be turned into hydrogels that give engineered tissue support and structure. This page follows the path from porcine skin to a collagen hydrogel. Porcine skin is used as the source of collagen. The material is then prepared for use in tissue engineering applications. The video also shows several applications of collagen and the methods used to...

electrospinning of silk biomaterials

Silk Cocoon Processing for Fiber Mats

Silk cocoons can be processed into a soluble material that is useful for making biomaterials. Silk fibers have been used for fabrics and threads for centuries, but turning them into a versatile pre-polymer solution is a newer technique. That solution can then be shaped into materials with controllable mechanical properties. The process begins with silk worm cocoons. The silk is solubilized, or dissolved, so it can be handled as a liquid-like solution. The video then shows how that silk...

overview of biomem devices

BioMEMs in Diagnostics and Miniaturization

Bio-microelectromechanical systems, or BioMEMs, are microscale devices used in diagnostic settings. They work with very small sample and reagent volumes in vivo and in vitro, which means inside a living body or outside it in a lab. These compact systems support bioengineering research and help make diagnostic tools more efficient. BioMEMs can carry out functions such as filtration, sensing, and synthesis on a tiny scale. Using less material can lower costs and improve sensitivity. The...

microfabrication via photolithography

Photolithography for Silicon Wafer Patterning

Photolithography is a common microfabrication method used to pattern a silicon wafer. It uses light to transfer a design onto the wafer surface. This process helps form the basis for many BioMEM devices. The page also shows how photolithography is carried out in a cleanroom. Cleanroom steps are important because they support careful fabrication of small, detailed features. The video ends by introducing applications of this process in BioMEM device production.

soft lithography

Photolithography for Microfluidic Device Making

Photolithography and soft lithography are used to make BioMEM devices such as microfluidic channels. A microscale pattern is copied by curing an elastomeric polymer over a 3D structure. The result is a polymer piece that can serve as part of a biological device. These polymer structures are then used to build a range of tools. Some are microfluidic channels for biosensing applications. Others are microscale bioreactors that let scientists visualize micro-colonies. The process also shows how...

overview of bioprocess engineering

Bioreactors and Protein Production in Bioprocessing

Bioprocessing uses living organisms to make a desired target product. In many cases, that product is a protein made in a bioreactor, which is a controlled vessel for growing cells. This process often relies on genetically engineered organisms. Engineers design the system so the cells can produce proteins at large scale. That approach is central to making biotherapeutics, which are drugs made from biological materials. Biotherapeutics are important medicines for complex diseases such as...

synthetic biology

Engineering Cells to Produce Proteins

Synthetic biology is a bioengineering method for programming cells to make useful products. In many cases, the goal is to genetically modify an organism so it can produce large amounts of a protein. That protein may already be made by the cell, or it may come from a newly inserted DNA sequence. The process depends on changing an organism’s genetic material. This is done with transformation or transfection, two common ways to introduce DNA into cells. The video also shows how this work is...

batch and continuous bioreactors

Growing Cells in Bioreactors

Bioreactors are used to grow organisms in large volumes. This makes it possible to produce large amounts of a target product. In laboratory and bioengineering settings, they provide a controlled place for cell growth and product formation. The two main reactor types are batch reactors and continuous reactors. A batch reactor contains all of the materials needed for cell growth at the start. A continuous reactor has inlet and outlet ports, so fresh growth media can be added while cell waste is...

overview of biosensing

How Biosensors Detect Molecules

Biosensors detect biological molecules and chemical contaminants by combining biology with physical measurement. They can identify targets such as proteins or cells, as well as non-biological molecules like chemicals or contaminants. This makes biosensing a useful field for studying and monitoring many kinds of samples. These devices rely on different signal types to find the target molecule. Some biosensors use electrical signals, while others depend on optical, electrochemical, or mechanical...

electrochemical biosensing

Glucose Sensors and Cancer Detection

Electrochemical biosensors detect target molecules by measuring an oxidation-reduction event. That signal changes when a molecule binds to the sensor surface. These sensors helped shape modern biosensing after the first glucose biosensor was invented. The glucose biosensor is a key example of this technology. It shows how electrochemical sensing can track a biological target through a measurable electrical change. The same basic idea also helps explain how electrochemical biosensors can be...

optical biosensing

Detecting Molecules with Light

Optical biosensors detect target molecules with light. They monitor binding by reading an optical signal from the sample. This makes them useful for seeing when a target molecule is present. Some optical biosensors use a label molecule. The label creates a measurable signal, such as fluorescence. Other optical biosensors are label-free and track changes in optical properties, such as refractive index, as binding occurs. This page introduces both label and label-free optical biosensors. It...

overview of tissue engineering

Building Artificial Tissue with Biomaterials

Tissue engineering uses biomaterials, specific cells, and growth factors to build artificial tissue. These engineered tissue constructs are designed for tissue repair and, in some cases, organ replacement. The field focuses on how to make tissue work like natural tissue. It begins with a scaffold, which is a structure that supports cell growth. Cells are then added to the scaffold, and growth factors help encourage proliferation, or cell multiplication. The video also outlines common methods...

histotypic tissue culture

3D Cell Growth on Engineered Matrices

Histotypic tissue culture uses an engineered three-dimensional matrix to grow and propagate cells. Compared with common two-dimensional tissue culture, cells in a 3D setting behave more realistically and better mimic native tissue. The method is useful when high cell density is needed. The process begins by harvesting cells from donor tissue. Those cells are then placed onto an engineered construct for culture. This setup supports growth in a three-dimensional space instead of a flat surface.

whole organ tissue culture

Lung Decellularization and Recellularization

Whole organs can be cultured ex vivo using specialized bioreactors to support repair or replacement of entire organs. In this approach, a donor organ is first stripped of all cells. What remains is the three-dimensional structure of the organ, which can then be repopulated with new cells. The lung is the example shown here. The method uses a dynamic culture system that provides mechanical stimulation, similar to what the organ experiences in the body. This type of culture helps induce native...

bioengineering

该系列涵盖了核心生物工程概念, 包括生物材料的生产、histotypic 和整个器官组织培养、生物技术, 以及 bioMEMs 和传感的复杂系统级领域。

Explore biomaterials used in tissue engineering, biosensing, and drug delivery, plus common biologically derived materials, processing methods, and key challenges.

Biomaterials in Medicine and Engineering | JoVE K12

Florida Department of Education

Life Science

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.10

Overview

Common Biomaterials

Prominent Methods

Key Challenges

Applications

Summary

Scientific Laws and Theories

Scientific Laws

In science, a law is defined as a concise, verbal or mathematical, statement that summarizes a vast number of experimental observations. ...

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is ...

The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

The Bohr Model

Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded ...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of ...

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy ...

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution ...

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and ...

electron-configuration-of-multielectron-atoms

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the ...

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their ...

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy ...

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the ...

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. ...

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name &ldquo;noble&rdquo; because they were ...

Develop and use models to explain the relationship of the structure of atoms to patterns and properties observed within the Periodic Table and describe how these models are revised with new evidence.

HS.P1U1.1

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert&#xA0;N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a ...

Ions and Ionic Charges

In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus &mdash; which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element &mdash; remains ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

ionic-compounds-formulas-and-nomenclature

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Electronegativity

Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.&#xA0;

Electronegativity values of ...

lewis-structures-of-molecular-compounds-and-polyatomic-ions

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:


	Determine the ...

molecular-compounds-formulas-and-nomenclature

Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

Molecular compounds or covalent compounds result when atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds. Since there is no electron transfer, molecular ...

Polar Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds are formed between two atoms when both have similar tendencies to attract electrons to themselves (i.e., when both atoms have identical or ...

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Dr&#xFC;de called the ...

Develop and use models for the transfer or sharing of electrons to predict the formation of ions, molecules, and compounds in both natural and synthetic processes.

HS.P1U1.2

Reaction Rate

The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time ...

Concentration and Rate Law

The rate of a reaction is affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions ...

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. ...

Reaction Mechanisms

Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates ...

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed ...

Enzymes

Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the ...

determining-rate-laws-and-the-order-of-reaction

Determining Rate Laws and the Order of Reaction

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
All chemical reactions have a specific rate defining the ...

Introduction to Catalysis

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Ryan Richards &#8212; Colorado School of Mines
Catalysis is among the most important fields of modern technology and presently ...

Ask questions, plan, and carry out investigations to explore the cause and effect relationship between reaction rate factors.

HS.P1U1.3

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break ...

Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Source: Tamara M. Powers, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&#38;M University
Today&#39;s modern world requires the use of a large amount of energy. While ...

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to ...

Biomaterials are materials engineered to interact favorably with biological organisms or molecules. These materials can be derived from or produced by an ...

biodistribution-of-nano-drug-carriers-applications-of-sem

Biodistribution of Nano-drug Carriers: Applications of SEM

Source:&#160;Peiman Shahbeigi-Roodposhti and Sina Shahbazmohamadi, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
...

Corrosion

The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green ...

Polymerization

Source: Vy M. Dong and Jan Riedel, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
Polymers are made from macromolecules, which are composed ...

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how the use of chemistry related technologies have had positive and negative ethical, social, economic, and/or political implications.

Biomaterials in Medicine and Engineering

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