12.19
The positive symptoms of schizophrenia involve an excess or distortion of normal functions. Hallucinations and delusions are among these positive symptoms.
Hallucinations create false sensory experiences without external stimuli. Auditory hallucinations are more common, followed by visual hallucinations.
Auditory hallucination involves hearing voices frequently criticizing or commenting on an individual's thoughts and actions. These voices sometimes command the person to act, such as confronting someone, which can heighten the risk of violent behavior.
Visual hallucinations are seeing things that are not present. While less common, hallucinations affect the senses of smell, taste, or touch.
Delusions involve fixed, false, and sometimes magical beliefs contradicting reality or cultural norms.
They are a severe distortion of reality. For example, a delusional individual might believe they are God or think their thoughts are being broadcasted on the radio.
Psychology and psychiatry typically do not classify cultural beliefs, like divine visions or communication with a deity, as delusions.
精神分裂症是一种复杂的精神疾病,其特征是一系列会严重影响认知、行为和情绪调节的症状。其中,阳性症状尤为突出,因为它们是正常心理功能的增添或夸大,明显地偏离了典型行为和感知。幻觉和妄想是重要的阳性症状,每种症状都会深刻地影响个人对现实的体验。
幻觉
精神分裂症中的幻觉是在没有相应外部刺激的情况下出现的感觉体验。幻听是最常见的类型,患者会听到经常批评其思想或行为的声音。这些声音也可能会发出命令,从而有可能造成危险的行为,例如可能升级为暴力的对抗。虽然幻听占据主导地位,但有些患者也会出现幻视,从而感知到不存在的物体或人物。这种情况较为少见,且嗅觉、味觉或触觉也会受到影响,从而导致虚幻的气味、味觉扭曲或无物理原因的触觉等现象。
妄想
妄想是一种固执的信念,尽管存在明显与之相反的证据,但这些信念仍然会存在。这些信念通常与现实和文化规范相矛盾。常见的例子包括夸大妄想(即患者可能相信自己拥有非凡的力量或身份,例如是神)或迫害妄想(即患者感觉自己被看不见的阴谋所针对)。精神分裂症中的妄想的一个特点是患者无法认识到这些信念的不合理性,同时认为它们是完全真实的。
诊断妄想时的文化考虑因素
心理健康专业人员在区分妄想和文化或宗教上所接受的信念时需要小心谨慎。例如,如果声称看到神灵的幻象或与精神实体进行交流符合个人的文化或宗教背景,则不属于妄想。这种细微的区分强调了文化能力在精神病评估和诊断中的重要性。
了解阳性症状对于有效地管理精神分裂症来说是至关重要的,因为这些症状会极大地影响患有这种疾病的人的生活体验,并加剧了他们在社交和职业功能方面的挑战。
The positive symptoms of schizophrenia involve an excess or distortion of normal functions. Hallucinations and delusions are among these positive symptoms.
Hallucinations create false sensory experiences without external stimuli. Auditory hallucinations are more common, followed by visual hallucinations.
Auditory hallucination involves hearing voices frequently criticizing or commenting on an individual's thoughts and actions. These voices sometimes command the person to act, such as confronting someone, which can heighten the risk of violent behavior.
Visual hallucinations are seeing things that are not present. While less common, hallucinations affect the senses of smell, taste, or touch.
Delusions involve fixed, false, and sometimes magical beliefs contradicting reality or cultural norms.
They are a severe distortion of reality. For example, a delusional individual might believe they are God or think their thoughts are being broadcasted on the radio.
Psychology and psychiatry typically do not classify cultural beliefs, like divine visions or communication with a deity, as delusions.
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