方法文章

检测细胞复苏 在体 内 通过CaspaseTracker生物传感器

DOI:

10.3791/54107

2018年2月1日

本文内容

摘要

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检测细胞回生现象在技术上具有挑战性 体内 因为经历细胞死亡逆转过程的细胞在形态上可能与正常的健康细胞难以区分。本文介绍了利用我们新开发的方法在活体动物中检测和追踪发生anastasis细胞的实验方案。 体内 CaspaseTracker 生物传感器系统

摘要

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Anastasis(希腊语意为“复活”)是一种新近发现的细胞恢复现象,指濒死细胞能够逆转通常被认为本质上不可逆的晚期细胞死亡过程。理论上,促进anastasis可能挽救或保护难以替代的受损细胞,如心肌细胞或神经元,从而促进组织修复。相反,在抗癌治疗后经历凋亡的癌细胞中抑制anastasis,可能确保癌细胞彻底死亡,并降低复发风险。然而,由于缺乏在活体动物中追踪经历anastasis细胞命运的工具,相关研究一直受到阻碍。主要挑战在于识别那些虽已逆转细胞死亡过程、但在恢复后形态上已恢复正常表型的细胞。为克服这一难题,我们已开发出 黑腹果蝇 以及能够识别并永久追踪复苏细胞的哺乳动物CaspaseTracker生物传感器系统 体外体内在此,我们介绍 体内 用于生成和使用CaspaseTracker双生物传感器系统以检测和追踪anastasis的方案 黑腹果蝇 在短暂暴露于细胞死亡刺激后。传统的生物传感器和实验方案仅能标记正在经历凋亡性细胞死亡的细胞,而CaspaseTracker生物传感器则能够永久性地标记那些在caspase激活后恢复存活的细胞——caspase激活是晚期凋亡的标志性事件,同时还能识别正在进行的活性凋亡过程。该生物传感器还可追踪那些曾尝试其他形式细胞死亡且该过程直接或间接涉及caspase活性的细胞的恢复情况。因此,本实验方案使我们能够持续追踪这些细胞及其子代的命运,有助于未来对anastasis(凋亡逆转)的生物学功能、分子机制、生理与病理后果以及治疗意义开展深入研究。我们还讨论了适当的对照设置,以区分经历anastasis的细胞与表现出非凋亡性caspase活性的细胞。 体内.

引言

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程序性细胞死亡(如凋亡)通过清除多细胞生物体中不需要的、受损的或危险的细胞,在胚胎发育和正常稳态中发挥着至关重要的作用1,2,3。细胞死亡与存活之间的平衡一旦丧失,可能导致癌症、心力衰竭、自身免疫和退行性疾病等致命后果4,5,6,7,8。传统上,效应半胱天冬酶(caspase)的激活被认为是凋亡过程中“不可逆转的临界点”9,10,11,因为它会触发迅速而广泛的细胞解体12,13,14,15,16。然而,我们发现培养中的濒死原代细胞和癌细胞不仅可在caspase激活后恢复,甚至在出现一系列关键的细胞死亡标志性事件(包括质膜出泡、细胞皱缩、线粒体断裂、线粒体细胞色素c释放至胞质、细胞核和染色质浓缩、DNA损伤、核碎裂、磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)在细胞表面暴露以及凋亡小体形成)之后仍可恢复生命活动17,18,19,20,21,这一发现挑战了上述普遍观点。我们提出,anastasis是一种内在的细胞恢复现象,因为濒死细胞在去除死亡刺激后能够恢复17,18,19,20,21。我们将这一出乎意料的细胞恢复现象命名为“anastasis”(Αναστάσης)18,该词在希腊语中意为“起死回生”。我们对anastasis现象的观察也得到了近期其他独立研究的支持,这些研究同样揭示了细胞在磷脂酰丝氨酸外翻22,23,24、有限的线粒体外膜通透化25 、混合谱系激酶样蛋白(MLKL)激活以及细胞皱缩26之后仍可恢复的现象。

阐明调控回生过程的机制将对生理学、病理学和治疗学产生范式转变性的影响。回生可能代表一种此前未知的细胞保护机制,可用于挽救或保存难以替代的重要终末分化细胞和组织,并可能解释通过左心室辅助装置(LVAD)减轻心室负荷而实现的心力衰竭逆转27,28、光感受器细胞在短暂暴露于过强光照后的恢复29,30,31,以及脑损伤后神经元的修复32。若确实如此,促进回生过程可增强细胞和组织的恢复能力。相反地,回生也可能是癌细胞在诱导细胞死亡的治疗过程中意外采用的一种逃逸策略,从而导致癌症复发17,18。因此,在癌症治疗期间及之后抑制濒死癌细胞的回生过程,可能是一种通过防止癌症复发来实现治愈的新型治疗策略。

在复生过程中,我们发现一些恢复的细胞获得了永久性的遗传改变,并发生了癌变转化,这可能是由于细胞在凋亡过程中遭受了DNA损伤18,20,21。逆转DNA受损细胞的死亡过程可能是一种肿瘤发生机制,这或许可以解释为何多种组织中反复发生的组织损伤会增加癌症风险,例如因饮用过热饮料导致食管慢性热损伤33,34,35、酒精性肝损伤36,37、基因毒性癌症治疗后的肿瘤演化38,39,40,以及在抗癌治疗周期间歇期从正常组织发展出的新发癌症41,42,43,44。如果这一机制成立,靶向干预复生过程可能有助于预防或阻止癌症的发生与发展。我们发现,在重新喂食的果蝇(Drosophila)中,饥饿诱导的生殖细胞死亡可发生复生19 。如果DNA受损的生殖细胞也能发生复生,则可能解释长期环境压力促进遗传性疾病发生的现象。例如,饥荒可导致糖尿病和冠心病等跨代可遗传疾病的发生45。因此,深入理解复生机制有望为预防此类潜在机制引发的可遗传疾病提供新的策略。

为了利用细胞复苏(anastasis)的发现并推动创新疗法的开发,研究活体动物中细胞复苏的原因及其后果至关重要。然而,在技术上难以识别和追踪发生细胞复苏的细胞 体内因为从细胞死亡过程中恢复的细胞在形态上与正常的健康细胞无异,且目前尚未发现细胞复生的生物标志物17,18,21为了解决这些问题,我们近期开发了一种新方法 体内 指定为“CaspaseTracker”的半胱天冬酶生物传感器19,以鉴定并追踪在半胱天冬酶(caspase)激活后存活并逃逸凋亡的细胞19,46细胞凋亡的特征10,14区别于SCAT等“实时”半胱天冬酶生物传感器12,47Apoliner48, CA-GFP49,ApoAlert18,50C3AIs51 和 iCasper52 能够检测持续的半胱天冬酶(caspase)活性,CaspaseTracker 生物传感器还具备永久标记表达过(即使为短暂表达)半胱天冬酶活性细胞的能力。因此,CaspaseTracker 生物传感器可在半胱天冬酶介导的细胞死亡过程逆转后,实现对细胞回生(anastasis)的长期追踪 体内.

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方案

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1)制备CaspaseTracker生物传感器果蝇

  1. 用CO₂麻醉果蝇2,并使用画笔转移7至10个caspase敏感型Gal4(DQVD)19 处女雌蝇和7至10只G-Trace53 将Gal4报告基因的年轻雄性果蝇(或反之)与果蝇食物和新鲜酵母糊一同放入同一试剂瓶中。
    注意: Caspase敏感型(DQVD)Gal4果蝇与G-Trace果蝇杂交将产生CaspaseTracker子代果蝇。Caspase-敏感(DQVA)19 Gal4 和 G-Trace 果蝇将提供阴性对照果蝇(见讨论)。新鲜酵母糊作为蛋白质来源以促进产卵,从而增加子代数量。根据表型挑选处女雌蝇和年轻雄蝇。54.
  2. 在18摄氏度下培养果蝇(oC)在杂交过程中保持3至7天,然后将果蝇转移至新试管中,在18 °C下建立新的杂交。继续在18 °C下培养原始试管,直至子代果蝇羽化。
    注意: 将亲代果蝇转移至新的培养瓶中,以避免原培养瓶中子代果蝇过度拥挤。亲代果蝇在前2至3次换瓶期间可继续产下子代,并需提供新鲜培养基和酵母糊;此后繁殖能力将随时间显著下降。在18 °C条件下培养果蝇可降低CaspaseTracker生物传感器的非特异性信号(见讨论部分)。
  3. 选择具有正确表型的子代果蝇54 用于后续实验。
    注意: 此处caspase敏感性Gal4和G-Trace的转基因均位于第二染色体上,并以CyO作为平衡染色体。选择非卷翅(无CyO)的子代个体,其同时携带caspase敏感性Gal4和G-Trace两种转基因。

2) 将瞬时细胞死亡诱导应用于CaspaseTracker生物传感器果蝇

  1. 将10至20只新羽化的雌蝇转移至装有新鲜果蝇培养基和新鲜酵母糊的新离心管中,在18 °C条件下培养1天,以促进卵室通过卵子发生过程形成。
    注意:将雌蝇与雄蝇共同培养可能有助于提高卵室的产生。
  2. 为通过冷休克诱导卵室发生凋亡,将雌蝇转移至新的空离心管中,并置于-7 °C环境中处理1小时。
    注意:冷休克可通过诱导质膜破裂对细胞造成损伤55,56
  3. 为通过蛋白质饥饿诱导卵室发生凋亡,将雌蝇转移至含有8%蔗糖和1%琼脂培养基的新离心管中,在18 °C条件下培养3天。
    注意:蛋白质饥饿(无蛋白食物)可触发卵室发生凋亡57,58,59以及自噬60,61。每天将果蝇更换至含有8%蔗糖和1%琼脂培养基的新离心管中,以维持蔗糖培养基的最佳状态。
  4. 将经历应激处理的果蝇重新转移至装有新鲜果蝇培养基和新鲜酵母糊的新离心管中,在18 °C条件下恢复培养3天,以允许其恢复。按照文献所述方法62,解剖饥饿处理及饥饿后恢复的果蝇,获取卵巢中的卵室。
    注意:为解剖Drosophila以获取卵巢,可使用CO2麻醉果蝇,利用两对镊子去除果蝇头部,并用镊子牵拉腹部基部以取出果蝇的卵巢。

3) 用于成像的解剖后卵室固定与染色

  1. 将解剖后的卵室连同约 0.5 mL 磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)一起转移至 1 mL 离心管中,静置使卵室沉降。
    注意:使用前将塑料移液枪头用含 1% 牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的水或 PBS 溶液包被,以防止卵室黏附在枪头塑料表面。后续操作均需在避光条件下进行,以避免卵室中红色荧光蛋白(RFP,又称 DsRed)和绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)发生光漂白。
  2. 用移液器吸除 PBS,然后加入 0.5 mL 含 4% 多聚甲醛的 PBS 溶液,在室温避光条件下固定卵室 20 至 30 分钟。
    注意:本步骤及后续所有孵育步骤均需轻柔振荡。
  3. 用移液器吸除多聚甲醛溶液,然后用 0.5 mL PBST(PBS + 0.1% Triton X-100)洗涤卵室 3 次。
    注意:过度固定可能导致 RFP 和 GFP 信号减弱。
  4. 将卵室置于 PBST 中,在室温孵育 1 至 2 小时 ,或在 4 °C 过夜,同时轻柔振荡,以实现卵室的通透化。
    注意:PBST 还可防止卵室黏附于未用 BSA 包被的塑料表面。
  5. 用移液器吸除 PBST,然后向卵室中加入 0.5 mL 含 10 μg/mL 蓝色核染料 Hoechst 的 PBST 溶液,在室温下孵育 1 至 2 小时 ,以标记细胞核。
    注意1:避免核染料孵育时间过长,以免增加非特异性信号。
    注意2:若不使用 Hoechst 染核,可选用替代方法:加入 200 μL 含 DAPI 的抗光漂白封片剂(见材料),并在封片前按第 3.8 步骤所述,于 4 °C 过夜孵育63
    注意3:染色及后续操作均需在避光条件下进行,以防光漂白。
  6. 用移液器吸除核染料,然后在 1 mL 离心管中用 0.5 mL PBST 洗涤卵室 3 次,每次洗涤之间在轻柔振荡条件下孵育 10 至 20 分钟 。
  7. 用精细移液器彻底吸除 PBST,然后加入 200 μL 抗光漂白封片剂(见材料),在室温孵育 3 小时 ,或在 4 °C 过夜,直至卵室完全沉降至管底。
    注意:组织完全吸收封片剂后会沉降至管底。
  8. 用移液器将染色后的卵室连同 200 μL 抗光漂白封片剂转移至预先清洁的载玻片上进行成像,用 20 × 20 mm 预先清洁的盖玻片覆盖卵室,并在盖玻片边缘涂抹指甲油以密封盖玻片与载玻片。
    注意1:使用前需用清水或 70% 乙醇清洁载玻片和盖玻片。
    注意2:可在载玻片与盖玻片之间涂抹少量凡士林,以防止因过度压紧而破坏卵室结构。
  9. 使用荧光显微镜或共聚焦显微镜对卵室进行成像,选用 20×、NA 0.8 的 Plan-Apochromat 物镜,激发波长分别为:405 nm 用于核染色(检测发射波长约 461 nm),561 nm 用于 RFP 信号(反映正在进行或近期发生的半胱天冬酶活性,检测发射波长约 590 nm),488 nm 用于 GFP 信号(反映既往半胱天冬酶活性,检测发射波长约 518 nm)。
    注意:显微成像相关详细步骤可参见我们已发表的实验方案20,64

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结果

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虽然延时活细胞显微镜技术是追踪培养细胞中细胞复苏(anastasis)的可靠方法20,很难识别动物体内哪些细胞经历了复苏,因为恢复后的细胞在形态上与未经历细胞死亡的正常健康细胞无法区分。例如,人宫颈癌HeLa细胞会表现出细胞凋亡的典型形态特征1,2,14,例如在1µM星形孢菌素诱导的细胞死亡刺激下出现的细胞皱缩、细胞核凝聚以及质膜出泡等现象17 (图1A, 图1B i-ii)。在去除细胞死亡刺激因素并转入新鲜培养基孵育后,濒死细胞可通过anastasis逆转细胞死亡过程17,18

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讨论

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CaspaseTracker 双生物传感器系统是一种新颖且独特的工具,可用于检测近期或正在进行的半胱天冬酶(caspase)活性,并追踪那些在经历caspase活性后逆转细胞死亡过程并存活下来的细胞 in vivo。尽管传统上caspase活性一直被视为细胞凋亡的标志,但越来越多的研究表明,非凋亡性caspase活性在多种正常细胞功能中发挥潜在作用,例如调控神经元活动79,80、学习与记忆81,82,83,84、抑制坏死性凋亡(necroptosis)85,86、精子细...

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披露

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作者无任何利益冲突需要披露。

致谢

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感谢 Darren Obbard 提供图 3C 和视频文稿中的 Drosophila 图像;感谢 J. Marie Hardwick、Wade Gibson 和 Heather M. Lamb 对本文稿的宝贵讨论。本研究得到了 Sir Edward Youde 纪念奖学金(H.L.T.)、Dr. Walter Szeto 纪念奖学金(H.L.T.)、富布赖特资助项目 007-2009(H.L.T.)、生命科学研究基金会博士后奖学金(H.L.T.)以及 NCI K22 资助项目 CA204458(H.L.T.)的支持。Ho Lam Tang 曾是生命科学研究基金会 Shurl 和 Kay Curci 基金会研究员(2014–2017)。

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材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
耗材与试剂
Vectashield 封片剂Vector ProductsH-1000抗荧光淬灭封片剂
Vectashield 封片剂(含 DAPI)Vector ProductsH-1200含 DAPI 的抗荧光淬灭封片剂
镊子Ted Pella#505 (110mm, #5)Dumont 生物级不锈钢镊子
悬滴载玻片Fisher Scientific12-565B玻璃载玻片
Hoechst 33342Molecular ProbesH1399DNA 染料
Mitotracker Red CMXRos Molecular ProbesM-7512线粒体染料
裂解型半胱天冬酶-3(Asp175)抗体Cell Signaling Technology#9661用于标记半胱天冬酶-3 活性片段的染色剂
牛血清白蛋白(BSA)Sigma-AldrichA8806免疫染色封闭剂
磷酸盐缓冲液 VWR114-056-101洗涤和免疫染色用缓冲液
Triton™ X-100Sigma-AldrichT8787用于细胞通透的去垢剂
名称公司目录编号备注
仪器设备
LSM780 共聚焦显微镜Carl ZeissN/A成像
Carl Zeiss 体视显微镜 Stemi 2000 Carl ZeissN/A果蝇解剖
AmScope 光纤双蛇形颈显微镜照明器,150WAmScopeWBM99316 光源

参考文献

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