方法文章

使用去污剂和酶解-free方法从完整组织中分离细胞核

DOI:

10.3791/61471

2020年6月24日

本文内容

摘要

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单个细胞核的分离依赖于细胞膜的解离和基于去垢剂的透化处理,这些步骤需要优化,且容易引入技术性假象。我们展示了一种无需去垢剂和酶的快速分离完整细胞核的方案,可直接从完整组织中获取适用于单细胞核RNA测序(snRNA-Seq)或ATAC-seq的细胞核。

摘要

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高通量转录组和表观基因组分析需要制备单细胞或单细胞核悬液。该悬液的制备需满足 完整细胞或细胞核的分离涉及解离和透化步骤,这些步骤可能引入不必要的噪声和不可控的损伤。特别是某些细胞类型(如神经元)难以有效解离为单个细胞。此外,为释放细胞核而进行的细胞膜透化过程通常需要通过反复试错进行优化,耗时较长、劳动强度大且成本较高。为提高高通量测序样品制备的稳健性和可重复性,本文介绍一种快速、无需酶解和去垢剂的基于层析柱的细胞核分离方法。该方案可在20分钟内高效地从整只斑马鱼脑组织中分离出细胞核。所获得的细胞核具有完整的核形态,且不易发生聚集。进一步通过流式细胞术可实现细胞核的富集及细胞碎片的清除,适用于后续实验。该方法适用于软组织和培养细胞,提供了一种简便且易于操作的样品制备方案,可用于高通量分析,简化了单细胞核RNA测序(single-nuclei RNA-seq)和ATAC-seq实验所需的操作步骤。

引言

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单细胞RNA测序(scRNA-Seq)和ATAC-seq是研究复杂生物系统的多功能工具,可在单细胞分辨率下进行分析。这些技术被广泛用于定义细胞亚型和状态、基因调控网络以及评估细胞异质性。进行scRNA-seq的前提是通过组织解离制备单细胞悬液。由于不同组织的细胞外基质组成和机械特性存在差异,各自需要优化解离方案以制备单细胞悬液。

将组织解离为单细胞通常需要在37 °C下使用消化酶(包括胶原酶、分散酶或胰蛋白酶)进行处理1,2,3,4。由于转录机制在37 °C时仍保持活性,酶解过程可能引入mRNA表达的人为假象和噪声5,6。值得注意的是,长时间孵育可能以非均一的方式诱导应激响应基因和热休克反应,从而导致实验中的技术变异性7

制备单细胞悬液的另一个缺点是难以获得具有复杂形态的、有活力且完整的细胞类型。特别是神经元、脂肪细胞和足细胞的分离具有挑战性8,9,10,11。例如,Wu 及其同事证明了在成年小鼠肾脏的单细胞RNA测序谱中缺乏肾小球足细胞12。关于从脑组织中回收相互连接的神经元,也存在类似的非理想结果8,13,14。总之,解离方案可能引入检测偏差,倾向于更容易解离的细胞类型,从而导致对器官细胞结构的错误表征。

为了克服单细胞RNA测序(scRNA-Seq)样本制备过程中引入的技术噪声和偏差,分离并分析细胞核提供了一种有吸引力的替代方案。由于不同细胞类型的细胞核形态相似,细胞核的分离避免了因细胞形态复杂而难以获得完整且具有活性的单细胞的问题。例如,Wu 及其同事利用成年小鼠肾脏的单细胞核RNA测序(snRNA-Seq)成功实现了肾小球足细胞的测序分析,而这些细胞在scRNA-Seq中未能被检测到12。有趣的是,单细胞与单细胞核RNA测序的比较研究提示,snRNA-Seq可减少应激和热休克反应相关基因的诱导表达12。这些研究还表明,两种方法检测到的基因之间具有高度相关性。然而,最近一项针对人类小胶质细胞的研究未能检测到阿尔茨海默病中的基因激活现象15。因此,在某些特定情况下,snRNA-Seq是scRNA-Seq的合适替代方法16,17。此外,细胞核分离还可用于单细胞ATAC-Seq,从而提供有关单个细胞中开放染色质区域的信息。

细胞核分离的实验方案包括三个主要步骤:i)利用去垢剂裂解细胞膜以释放细胞核;ii)使用Dounce匀浆器对组织进行匀浆;iii)通过梯度离心或流式细胞术富集细胞核并去除细胞碎片18,19,20,21,22。其中,前两个步骤依赖于组织类型,需根据经验进行优化。去垢剂浓度过低会导致细胞膜部分破裂,从而降低细胞核从组织中释放的效率23;而过高的去垢剂浓度或剧烈的匀浆处理则会引起核膜破裂,造成细胞核丢失24,25。破裂的细胞核容易聚集形成团块,若未及时去除,可能在后续的分析实验中产生假象。

为避免与去垢剂优化相关的细胞核分离问题,我们介绍一种无需去垢剂且基于离心柱的完整细胞核分离方案,适用于新鲜样品。该方案可在20分钟内从整个器官中获得细胞核,最大限度减少人为转录的诱导。分离得到的细胞核可通过流式细胞分选(FACS)进行富集,用于单核RNA测序(single-nuclei RNA-Seq)和ATAC-seq分析,提供一种简单通用的方法,实现稳定、可重复的高通量分析。

方案

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All the procedures presented below were performed in accordance with institutional (Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)) and national ethical and animal welfare guidelines and regulation, which were approved by the ethical committee for animal welfare (CEBEA) from the Université Libre de Bruxelles (protocols 578N-579N).

1. Preparation before tissue dissection

  1. Prepare 0.2% Tricaine solution in PBS for euthanizing the zebrafish. Chill the solution on ice.
  2. Prepare a 30 mm Petri dish for mincing the tissue.
  3. Prepare ice cold 1x PBS (10 mL per tissue sample).
  4. Cool the centrifuge to 4 °C.
  5. For nuclei isolation, use a detergent-free nuclei isolation kit (Table of Materials).
  6. Before starting the protocol, pre-chill buffer A and B provided in the kit by placing them on ice for at least 30 min prior to nuclei isolation.
  7. For handling the isolated nuclei, coat the plastic reagents such as tubes and pipette tips with 5% BSA solution. For this, prepare the solution by dissolving 2 g of BSA in 40 mL of PBS. Coating plastic items with 5% BSA reduces nuclei sticking to plastic. This step enhances the recovery of isolated nuclei.
  8. Coat the pipette tips by pipetting 5% BSA solution 2-3 times. Air-dry the tips for 2 hours. Prepare 10 plastics tips per sample.
  9. Coat the tubes for collection of nuclei by filling them with 5% BSA. Invert the tubes 3 times to ensure an efficient coating. Remove the solution and air-dry the tubes upside down on a clean tissue paper for 2 hours. Per sample, coat one collection tube provided in the kit. Additionally, prepare coated 1.5 mL tubes for nuclei collection after FACS.
    NOTE: Glass tips are highly recommended alternative to the plastic pipette tips to minimize the sticking.

2. Dissection of zebrafish brain

  1. For euthanizing the zebrafish, prepare a 90 mm Petri dish with 25 mL of ice-cold Tricaine solution.
  2. Carefully, take the zebrafish from the tank using a fishing net and place it into the Petri dish.
  3. Euthanize the fish by leaving it in Tricaine for 5 min.
  4. Decapitate the animal with a sharp razor blade.
  5. Using forceps, gently break open the skull and remove soft tissues, skin and bones from ventral and dorsal side of the skull.
  6. Gently, transfer the brain into a fresh 30 mm dish containing ice cold PBS.
  7. Mince the brain into small pieces using a razor blade to ease the loading of the sample on the spin column.

3. Single nuclei isolation

  1. Transfer the minced tissue to the filter cartridge provided in the nuclei isolation kit and add 200 µL of cold buffer A to sensitize the tissue. Grind the tissue using the plastic rod provided by the kit for 2 min.
  2. Add 300 µL of cold buffer A and incubate the filter cartridge on ice with cap open for 10 min.
  3. Cap the cartridge and resuspend the tissue by inverting the tube 5 times.
  4. Centrifuge at 16,000 x g for 30 s. In this step, cells are ruptured when passing through the filter and high-speed centrifugal force is applied. The flow through contains intact nuclei, which pellet at the bottom of the tube.
  5. Discard the filter and resuspend the pellet by vortexing vigorously for 10 s.
  6. Pellet the nuclei by centrifuging the solution at 500 x g for 3 min. Discard the supernatant carefully as the nuclei pellet is colorless.
  7. Resuspend the pellet in 0.8 mL of cold buffer B and centrifuge at 600 x g for 10 min. In this step, nuclei are separated from membrane debris. The colorless pellet obtained contains isolated nuclei.
  8. Resuspend the isolated nuclei in 500 µL of PBS with 5% BSA. Keep the nuclei suspension on ice to perform FACS after the quantification.

4. Visualization of nuclei morphology

  1. Confirm nuclear morphology by Hoechst staining. For this, remove 100 µL of single nuclei suspension in a new tube using BSA coated tips. To stain the nuclei, add 0.1 µL of Hoechst (1 mg/mL). Gently vortex the tube.
  2. Transfer the nuclei suspension to glass bottom dish for imaging.
  3. Image the nuclei using a fluorescence microscope with laser excitation settings of ~405 nm (Violet) wavelength.

5. FACS based enrichment of nuclei

  1. Before performing FACS, filter the nuclei using a 40 µm cell strainer into BSA coated tube.
  2. Dilute the filtered suspension by adding PBS with 5% BSA to a final volume of 1,000 µL.
  3. Label two round bottom FACS tube as ‘control’ and ‘stained’. The ‘control’ tube will contain un-stained nuclei, while the ‘stained’ tube will have Hoechst stained nuclei.
  4. Transfer 250 µL of the nuclei suspension into ‘control’ tube using BSA coated pipette tip.
  5. Transfer the remaining 750 µL solution to FACS tube labeled as ‘stained’ and add 1 µL of Hoechst dye to stain the nuclei. Mix by slow vortexing.
  6. Load the unstained control sample to cell sorter. Record 5000 events.
  7. Load the stained samples and record 5000 events.
  8. Draw FACS gates that allows identification of single nuclei. Nuclei can be selected by comparing the Hoechst fluorescence signal between control and stained sample.
  9. Sort Hoechst-positive nuclei from the stained tube into new 1.5 mL tube containing 50 µL of PBS with 5% BSA.
    NOTE: Isolated nuclei can be collected into a desired medium according to requirements of the downstream application.

结果

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——上述方案用于直接从斑马鱼脑组织制备单细胞核悬液。该分离过程通常需要20分钟,且无需使用去垢剂或消化酶。图1总结了该方案的各个步骤示意图,可供打印后作为操作指导。

鱼类组织处理流程;离心;FACS分析准备;分子生物学示意图。
图1:基于离心柱的无去污剂细胞核分离方法示意图。
从新鲜斑马鱼脑组织中提取细胞核过程中各步骤的图示。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

细胞核形态的观察

为了定性确认细胞核形态,使用Hoechst对分离的细胞核进行染色,并通过荧光显微镜观察。细胞核呈现完整、圆形且彼此分离良好(图2)。重要的是,未见细胞核聚集现象,后者是核膜破裂的标志。

细胞核荧光显微镜图像;蓝色染色,10 μm 比例尺;细胞生物学研究。
图2:斑马鱼脑组织中单细胞核的分离。
Hoechst染色细胞核的荧光显微镜图像,显示其完整的形态。比例尺:10 µm。请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

基于FACS的完整细胞核富集

通过流式细胞术对Hoechst荧光信号进行门控,实现分离细胞核的富集及细胞碎片的去除。Hoechst信号在紫光(405 nm)激光激发下被检测(Brilliant Violet 421 – BV421)。未染色的细胞核显示背景荧光水平(图3A补充图1A),而染色后的细胞核则表现出强烈的荧光信号(图3B补充图1B)。如图3C所示,未染色与Hoechst染色的细胞核在紫光通道中明显分离。

流式细胞术直方图分析,直方图 A、B、C 中 BV421-A 荧光数据比较
图 3:分离的细胞核在流式细胞术中显示出强且特异的 Hoechst 荧光信号。
单细胞核悬液的直方图,显示 Hoechst 染色的分布情况。Hoechst 由紫色激光(405 nm)激发(Brilliant Violet 421 – BV421)。未染色样本(A)的信号范围为 100-103,而 Hoechst 染色的细胞核(B)发出的信号在 103-105 范围内。未染色(灰色)和染色(蓝色)样本荧光强度叠加图(C)显示两个群体之间有明显分离。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

流式细胞术数据分析;细胞分选结果,未染色和DAPI染色样品的直方图。
补充图1:分离细胞核的流式细胞术设门策略。 分离细胞核悬液的代表性流式图。使用前向散射光和激发Hoechst(405 nm)的紫激光BV421对分离的细胞核进行分析。未染色样品(A)的BV421信号分布在100-103范围内。在13130个事件中,根据FSC-A识别出141个单细胞核(占总数的1.07%),根据BV421信号未检测到未染色细胞核(占总数的0%)。Hoechst染色的细胞核(B)的BV421信号分布在103-105范围内。在50000个事件中,根据FSC-A识别出2418个单细胞核(占总数的4.84%),根据BV421信号识别出2414个Hoechst阳性细胞核(占总数的4.83%)。请点击此处下载该图。

讨论

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在单细胞分辨率下对转录组和表观基因组进行分析,已彻底改变了生物系统的研究方式。针对实体组织的单细胞研究依赖于将器官解离为单个细胞或细胞核。解离是一种具有破坏性的操作,可能引入技术性人为假象,从而妨碍对生物系统真实状态的准确刻画5,6。例如,酶解法可能损伤具有复杂形态的细胞(如神经元或足细胞),并诱导应激反应和热休克反应相关基因的表达7,12。此外,解离过程中使用去垢剂可能导致核膜破裂并引发聚集现象23,25。因此,优化解离流程以获得最高质量的单细胞或单细胞核悬液,对于高通量分析实验的成功至关重要。

本文展示了一种无需使用去污剂和酶的细胞核分离方法,可在20分钟内从斑马鱼脑组织中提取完整的细胞核。该方案获得的细胞核具有典型的形态和良好的完整性(图2)。从一个重约6 mg的斑马鱼脑组织中,通过血细胞计数板计数,可获得总计约60,000个细胞核。所分离的细胞核可用于多种下游应用,包括单核RNA测序(snRNA-seq)、ATAC-seq以及免疫染色。分离得到的细胞核样品中可能含有来自细胞质组分的交叉污染,特别是内质网和线粒体成分。对于高通量分析实验,强烈建议清除细胞碎片,尤其是线粒体。流式细胞术(图3)可作为细胞核纯化的有效手段。此外,也可采用蔗糖梯度离心法去除碎片。

该方案已在小鼠甲状腺组织上进行测试(数据未显示),结果与斑马鱼脑组织相似。总体而言,该方案为单细胞核悬液的制备提供了一种稳健、可重复且通用的方法,有助于简化高通量分析实验的实验流程。

披露

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作者无利益冲突。本文开放获取的费用由美国Invent Biotechnologies Inc.支付。

致谢

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感谢Sabine Costagliola博士和Singh实验室成员对本文手稿的评论。本工作由比利时科学基金研究基金会(Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique-FNRS)资助,资助编号为34772792 – MISU,授予S.P.S.。

材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
牛血清白蛋白(BSA)Carl Roth90604-29-8白蛋白第五组分
细胞分选仪BD BiosciencesFACSAria III
离心机SartoriusA-14C
Eppendorf 管(1.5 mL)Eppendorf22363204
Falcon 管(15 mL)Corning352096聚丙烯离心管
Falcon 管(5 mL)Corning352052聚苯乙烯圆底试管
精细镊子Fine Science Tools11295-10
Flowmi 细胞筛(40 μm)SigmaBAH136800040
荧光显微镜LeicaDMI6000 B
玻璃瓶(250 mL)VWR215-1593
玻璃底培养皿World Precision InstrumentsFD3510-100Fluorodish 35 mm
玻璃巴斯德移液管VWR612-1701
玻璃移液管接头Carl Roth388.1移液辅助器 pi-pump 2500
Hoechst 染色液Abcamab228551Hoechst 33342
Minute 无去污剂细胞核提取试剂盒Invent BiotechnologiesNI-024
PBS(10X)ThermoFisher70011069
培养皿(30 mm)FisherScientific11333704Pyrex
培养皿(90 mm)Corning758-10178-CSGosselin
移液器吸头VWR8907910 μL、200 μL、1000 μL
移液器GilsonF167380Pipetman
剃须刀片Swann-Morton7981809
三卡因甲磺酸盐(Tricaine methane sulfonate)SigmaE10521
涡旋振荡器Scientific IndustriesSI-0236Vortex-Genie 2

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