Hydride Transfer
Hydride Transfer - Related Videos
01:17
Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions
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2025
Esters are reduced to primary alcohols when treated with a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent and proceeds via an aldehyde intermediate. Lithium aluminum hydride is a source of hydride ions and functions as a nucleophile. The mechanism proceeds in three steps. Firstly, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the carbonyl group re-forms,...
01:17
Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction
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2025
Carboxylic acids, upon reaction with strong reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride followed by hydrolysis, undergo reduction to form primary alcohols. Weaker reducing agents like lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride or diisobutylaluminum hydride cannot reduce carboxylic acids to primary alcohols. Carboxylic acids can also be reduced to primary alcohols by using borane in the tetrahydrofuran solvent. The main advantage of using borane in reducing a carboxylic acid is that this...
08:21
Determination of Inorganic Arsenic in a Wide Range of Food Matrices using Hydride Generation - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.
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Cited by 12 •
2017
The usefulness of an analytical method to determine inorganic arsenic in a wide range of food matrices is demonstrated. The method consists of selective extraction of inorganic arsenic into chloroform with a final determination by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry.
01:26
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride
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2023
Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct. The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...
01:20
Transfer Pricing
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2026
Transfer pricing is the process of setting prices for goods, services, or intangible assets exchanged between divisions, subsidiaries, or related entities within the same organization. Although these transactions occur within a single company, transfer prices are important for evaluating divisional performance, allocating resources, and supporting managerial decision-making. They affect the reported revenues, costs, and profitability of individual business units.Organizations use several...
FAQs
The polarized carbonyl carbon acts as an electrophilic center, making it a favored site for delivery from a hydride donor. Transfer of H− adds both hydrogen and electron density to the acceptor, so the donor, acceptor, and bond-forming pathway together influence which product forms. This relationship helps explain selectivity in reduction reactions.
A concerted pathway transfers hydride as part of a single coordinated event, whereas a stepwise pathway involves discrete intermediates. Distinguishing these possibilities helps chemists interpret reaction mechanisms, connect observed products with individual stages, and understand how rearrangements can arise. Mechanistic analysis therefore clarifies not only whether reduction occurs, but how the reaction proceeds.
Metal hydrides and NADH demonstrate that hydride transfer operates in both chemical and biological settings. A metal hydride can support reduction methods and catalytic cycles, while NADH participates in biological redox reactions. Comparing these donors helps relate synthetic transformations to cellular electron-transfer chemistry without treating all hydride-transfer events as mechanistically identical.
Within a catalytic cycle, hydride delivery can connect one stage of the cycle to the next by changing the oxidation state or bonding pattern of reacting species. In other reactions, the same electron-rich hydrogen movement can be associated with rearrangements. Tracking where hydride originates and where it is accepted helps identify these mechanistic connections.
Hydride transfer provides a direct way to reduce suitable electrophilic centers, including polarized carbonyl groups. In synthetic chemistry, controlling this event can support reduction methods and asymmetric synthesis, where the goal includes influencing product selectivity. Mechanistic understanding helps chemists relate the donor and reaction pathway to the outcome rather than viewing reduction as a single unexplained step.
Biological redox reactions can be analyzed by following hydride movement from a donor such as NADH to an electrophilic acceptor. The acceptor gains hydrogen and electron density, providing a concrete account of the redox change. This perspective connects molecular electron redistribution with the mechanistic study of biological reactions and their reaction pathways.