Surface Landmarks
Surface Landmarks - Related Videos
04:47
Systematic Bronchoscopy: the Four Landmarks Approach
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Cited by 4 •
2023
Here, we present a protocol to navigate the bronchial maze in a structured manner, splitting the bronchoscopy into a stepwise approach-the four landmarks approach.
05:22
Systematic Endobronchial Ultrasound - The Six Landmarks Approach
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Cited by 1 •
2023
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided sampling using transbronchial needle aspiration plays a key role in staging and diagnosing lung cancer. We propose a systematic stepwise approach dividing the procedure into six landmarks that should be taught to new operators.
01:16
Surface Tension and Surface Energy
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2023
When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension. Consider a beaker filled with liquid. The bulk molecules in the liquid experience equal attractive forces on all sides with the surrounding molecules. However, the surface molecules experience a net attractive force downward due to the bulk molecules. The surface of the liquid behaves like a stretched membrane,...
09:31
Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices
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Cited by 8 •
2019
Here we report the synthesis and characterization of ordered nanoporous carbon (with a 4.6 nm pore size) and SBA-15 (with a 5.3 nm pore size). The work describes the surface and textural properties of nanoporous molecular sieves, their wettability, and the melting behavior of D2O confined in the materials.
08:49
Cell Surface Receptor Identification Using Genome-Scale CRISPR/Cas9 Genetic Screens
0 Views •
Cited by 8 •
2020
This manuscript describes a genome-scale cell-based screening approach to identify extracellular receptor-ligand interactions.
FAQs
Posture changes the apparent position and prominence of surface features. A landmark should therefore be interpreted in relation to the patient’s position rather than as an isolated point. This matters because clinicians use the same visible or palpable reference to connect external examination findings with regional anatomy and to plan an intervention appropriately.
Inspection reveals features such as muscle contours, tendons, and skin creases, whereas palpation helps locate structures that can be felt beneath the skin, including bony prominences. Using both approaches provides complementary information and reduces reliance on a single visual cue, supporting more accurate regional assessment and procedural planning.
Individual variation can change the appearance, prominence, or relative position of a landmark. Clinicians must account for these differences instead of applying a rigid expectation to every patient. Careful comparison of visible and palpable features with posture and regional anatomy helps maintain accurate examination findings and supports safer clinical decisions.
Surface Landmarks provide practical reference points for relating what a clinician can see or feel to structures located deeper in a region. This connection helps organize the physical examination, improves communication about anatomical locations, and gives procedural planning a consistent external basis when deeper structures cannot be directly observed.
A basic workflow begins with inspection of the relevant region, followed by palpation of appropriate features such as bony prominences, muscle contours, tendons, or skin creases. The clinician then considers posture and individual variation before using the identified reference point to assess regional anatomy or plan the next clinical step.
Clinicians use these references when assessing pulses, evaluating joint motion, and orienting themselves to regional anatomy. They also help determine sites for injections and incisions, as well as other interventions. In each setting, accurate identification improves anatomical orientation, supports clearer communication, and contributes to safer bedside practice.