Condensation Particle Counter
Condensation Particle Counter - Related Videos
09:33
Determining Cell Number During Cell Culture using the Scepter Cell Counter
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Cited by 56 •
2010
The Scepter Cell Counter is a handheld automated device that can be used to count cells, monitor cell diameter and volume, and be used to check the health and quality of cellular populations from one culture to the next.
01:33
Aldol Condensation vs Claisen Condensation
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2025
Aldol condensation is an acid or base-catalyzed condensation between aldehydes or ketones to give an α,ꞵ-unsaturated carbonyl compound. A base-promoted condensation between ester molecules to produce a ꞵ-ketoester is known as the Claisen condensation. In the presence of a base, both reactions involve deprotonation of the acidic α hydrogen to produce the corresponding enolates. The nucleophilic enolates attack their respective nonenolized carbonyl compound forming a tetrahedral intermediate.
02:39
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation
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2020
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
01:27
Aldol Condensation with β-Diesters: Knoevenagel Condensation
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2025
The Knoevenagel condensation is an aldol-type reaction involving the condensation of aldehydes or ketones with active methylene compounds such as β-diesters to produce substituted olefins. The reaction is catalyzed by amine base, which abstracts the acidic α hydrogen of the activated methylene to generate a resonance stabilized enolate ion. The basic strength of the amine is insufficient to form the enolate of aldehydes or ketones. However, it acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl...
13:16
Determination of Mammalian Cell Counts, Cell Size and Cell Health Using the Moxi Z Mini Automated Cell Counter
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Cited by 18 •
2012
The Moxi Z miniature automated cell counter is a novel instrument that combines the Coulter Principle with patented thin-film sensor technology and a proprietary software algorithm to perform sizing and counting of a broad size range of particles as well as to determine the overall health of monodisperse mammalian cell cultures. This protocol describes the use of this instrument for counting and assessing the health of cell cultures.
FAQs
The working fluid first provides vapor to the aerosol stream, and cooling then creates conditions in which that vapor condenses onto individual particles. This controlled growth converts particles that are too small for direct optical observation into larger droplets. The resulting droplets produce stronger light-scattering signals, allowing the instrument to count particles that would otherwise be difficult to detect.
Optical detection depends on a particle or droplet producing a measurable scattering signal. Ultrafine particles may not generate a sufficiently strong signal on their own, but condensation enlarges each one into a detectable droplet. This enlargement links the original particle population to the optical detector, enabling particle-number concentration measurements rather than relying on direct visual observation.
After condensation, each enlarged droplet passes through an optical detection region where it scatters light. The instrument uses these scattering events to identify individual particles and tally them. Because the droplets originate from particles in the sampled aerosol, the resulting count represents particle-number concentration and supports characterization of particle populations in engineering and environmental measurements.
Butanol and water can serve as working fluids that supply the vapor needed for condensational growth. The fluid is therefore a functional part of the measurement process, not merely a carrier medium. Its vapor must participate in the saturation and cooling sequence so particles become enlarged droplets suitable for optical detection and counting.
A typical measurement sequence draws an aerosol stream through the instrument, exposes it to saturated working-fluid vapor, and cools the stream to promote condensation on individual particles. The enlarged droplets then pass through the optical detector, which records scattering events and produces a particle-number concentration. This workflow connects aerosol sampling with a quantitative engineering measurement.
Engineers can apply the instrument when assessing emissions, filtration systems, cleanrooms, workplace exposure, or nanomaterial production. In these settings, particle-number concentration helps reveal how many ultrafine particles are present and supports evaluation of contamination or airborne particulate control. The measurements can therefore inform system design, performance assessment, and environmental monitoring.
The primary output is particle-number concentration, which can be used for aerosol characterization and instrument calibration. In engineering studies, these data support the design of technologies intended to control particulate contamination and air pollution. Measurements are also relevant when examining emissions or particle behavior associated with nanomaterial production, where ultrafine particles are important.