Hemagglutinin Assay
Hemagglutinin Assay - Related Videos
10:32
A Miniaturized Glycan Microarray Assay for Assessing Avidity and Specificity of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinins
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Cited by 9 •
2016
Using a printed glycan microarray strategy, a conventional 96-well plate assay was miniaturized for analysis of influenza A virus hemagglutinin avidity and specificity for sialic acid containing receptors.
12:18
Expression of Functional Recombinant Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Proteins from the Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus Using the Baculovirus Expression System
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Cited by 182 •
2013
Here we describe a way to express correctly folded and functional influenza virus surface antigens derived from the novel Chinese H7N9 virus in insect cells. The technique can be adapted to express ectodomains of any viral or cellular surface proteins.
13:12
Quantitative Analyses of all Influenza Type A Viral Hemagglutinins and Neuraminidases using Universal Antibodies in Simple Slot Blot Assays
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Cited by 19 •
2011
A simple slot blot method was developed for the quantification of influenza viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase using universal antibodies targeting their most conserved sequences identified through bioinformatics analyses. This innovative approach may provide a useful alternative to quantitative determination of all viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.
04:47
A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies
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Cited by 6 •
2018
We describe a method to measure the activation of Fc-mediated effector functions by antibodies that target the influenza virus hemagglutinin. This assay can also be adapted to assess the ability of monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal sera targeting other viral surface glycoproteins to induce Fc-mediated immunity.
08:19
Subnanometer-Resolution Structural Determination of Hemagglutinin from Cryo-Electron Tomography of Influenza Viruses
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Cited by 1 •
2025
This article presents a protocol for data processing of influenza viruses imaged using cryo-electron tomography and subsequent subtomogram averaging of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein. This protocol covers step-by-step data processing, from image preprocessing to final model refinement.
FAQs
The visual distinction between a diffuse lattice and a compact red-cell pellet provides the assay’s readout. When viral hemagglutinin links neighboring erythrocytes, the cells remain distributed across the test mixture. Without sufficient cross-linking, they settle into a concentrated pellet. This contrast allows investigators to identify the endpoint consistently across a dilution series.
Standardized erythrocytes make comparisons between viral samples more meaningful by keeping the cellular detection system consistent. The assay depends on hemagglutinin recognizing receptors on these cells, so receptor engagement determines whether adjacent erythrocytes become linked. Variation in the red-cell preparation could therefore affect the visible agglutination pattern and the estimated activity of a viral stock.
The highest dilution that still produces visible agglutination defines the assay titer. This endpoint summarizes how far the viral sample can be diluted while retaining detectable hemagglutinating activity under the assay conditions. Investigators can use that value for standardized comparisons among viral stocks, rather than relying only on the appearance of an undiluted sample.
The assay establishes whether a viral preparation produces the hemagglutination pattern needed for downstream inhibition analysis. In immunology and infection research, that baseline provides a reference for interpreting changes in agglutination when inhibition tests are performed. Its role is therefore not limited to measuring viral activity; it also helps contextualize immune-related assays built on the same readout.
A typical workflow places the viral sample into a serial dilution, adds standardized erythrocytes to each dilution, and allows the mixtures to produce a visible cell pattern. The investigator then distinguishes agglutinated wells from compact pellets and identifies the highest dilution showing agglutination. That endpoint is reported as the assay titer for the sample.
The core materials are a viral sample, a dilution series, and standardized erythrocytes. Dilution separates different levels of viral activity, while the erythrocytes provide the receptor-bearing surface that reveals hemagglutinin function. Reading the resulting lattice or pellet pattern converts molecular binding between viral particles and red cells into a visible laboratory measurement.
Researchers can apply the method during virus propagation studies, vaccine development, and quality control of viral stocks. Because it produces a rapid, standardized estimate of hemagglutinating activity, it supports comparisons across preparations and experimental stages. In influenza-focused work, the result can also provide a practical measurement for studies that connect viral behavior with immunological testing.
The principal outcome is a titer representing the dilution endpoint for detectable hemagglutinating activity. During vaccine development, that measurement can support standardized evaluation of relevant viral preparations and comparisons between stocks. It does not replace broader vaccine assessment, but it supplies a rapid laboratory readout that contributes to development and quality-control workflows.