Physical Map Development
Physical Map Development - Related Videos
05:21
General Approach to the Physical Exam
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2023
Source: Jaideep S. Talwalkar, MD, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT The examination of the body is fundamental to the practice of medicine. Since the Roman Empire, physicians have described the connection between alterations in function of specific parts of the body and specific disease states and have sought to further scientific understanding to improve bedside diagnosis. However, in this modern age of increasing technology within medical diagnostics, it...
02:57
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
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2020
The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties. Physical Properties of Matter A physical property is a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition. Familiar examples of physical properties include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity. We can observe some physical properties, such as density and color, without changing the physical state of the matter...
07:16
Physical Properties Of Minerals II: Polymineralic Analysis
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2023
Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder The physical properties of minerals include various measurable and discernible attributes, including color, streak, magnetic properties, hardness, crystal growth form, and crystal cleavage. These properties are mineral-specific, and they are fundamentally related to a particular mineral’s chemical make-up and atomic structure. This video examines several physical properties that are useful in field and hand sample mineral...
08:10
Proper Adjustment of Patient Attire during the Physical Exam
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2023
Source: Jaideep S. Talwalkar, MD, and Joseph Donroe, MD, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT In order to optimize the predictive value of the physical examination, the provider must perform maneuvers correctly. The proper use of drapes is an important component of correctly performing physical examination maneuvers. Skin lesions are missed when "inspection" occurs through clothing, crackles are erroneously reported when the lungs are examined through a...
01:06
Physical Pendulum
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2023
When a rigid body is hanging freely from a fixed pivot point and is displaced, it oscillates similar to a simple pendulum and is known as a physical pendulum. The period and angular frequency of a physical pendulum are obtained by using the small-angle approximation and drawing parallels with a spring-mass system. The small-angle approximation (sinθ=θ) is valid up to about 14°. When dealing with complicated systems, the mass moment of inertia is an important parameter, as it describes the mass...
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Sequence-tagged sites and restriction landmarks provide recognizable reference points for ordering genomic regions. When the same marker appears in multiple DNA fragments, researchers can infer that those fragments share a positional relationship and use the pattern to assemble an ordered framework. This organization converts scattered sequence information into a structure that supports downstream genetic analysis.
Overlapping DNA clones contribute complementary evidence: shared sequence between clones indicates that the corresponding genomic regions are adjacent or connected within a larger contig. Repeated overlaps allow researchers to extend the mapped region and check continuity across it. This is especially useful when individual clones represent only limited portions of a chromosome or genome.
Base-pair spacing gives the map a physical scale, allowing researchers to describe how far apart landmarks, genes, or other sequences lie. That scale helps distinguish the arrangement of neighboring regions from their biological interpretation and provides a reference for comparing genomic structures. It also supports genome assembly validation by testing whether assembled sequences fit the expected organization.
Construction begins by selecting informative landmarks or DNA clones, identifying shared markers or overlaps, and arranging the resulting pieces into ordered contigs. Researchers then use the assembled framework to represent larger chromosome or genome regions and assess whether the organization is coherent. The resulting map can guide subsequent sequencing or positional-cloning work.
In immunology, the map can organize host immune-response loci into a physical framework. Researchers can use the ordered locations of these regions to investigate how genomic structure relates to disease susceptibility and to support positional cloning. The map therefore connects location-based genetic analysis with questions about host variation in immune responses.
For infection research, mapping pathogen genomes helps place genomic regions in relation to one another before interpreting their biological significance. Researchers can examine how genome organization relates to virulence or antigen variation, while comparative maps reveal structural similarities or differences among genomes. These uses make physical mapping relevant to both pathogen characterization and genome analysis.