多组实验

A two-group design contains two levels: experimental and control groups, telling you whether an independent variable has any effect. A multi-group design has three or more conditions, revealing how much effect each condition produces. Multi-group designs answer more detailed questions about the magnitude of effects across different levels of treatment.

The experiment includes Colorblind, Multicultural, Control, and Empty-Control groups. Colorblind and Multicultural are main experimental conditions exposing participants to different perspectives through word searches. The Control group receives a mundane word search, while the Empty-Control group receives no task, providing a baseline response without any treatment.

Hypothesis guessing occurs when participants guess the study's true purpose, potentially biasing their responses. To prevent this, researchers include distractor words in word searches that are unrelated to the study's main focus. These distractors mask the experiment's actual intent, ensuring participants respond naturally without altering their behavior based on perceived expectations.

An empty-control group provides a baseline measurement of participant behavior without any experimental treatment. This allows researchers to distinguish between effects caused by the independent variable manipulation and effects from simply participating in any task. Comparing all conditions against this baseline strengthens the validity of experimental conclusions.

The dependent variable—participants' attitudes toward an outgroup member—is measured behaviorally through seating distance. Participants choose where to sit near their supposed partner's belongings. Closer seating indicates more positive attitudes, while greater distance suggests less favorable attitudes toward the outgroup member.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) compares means across multiple groups to determine if significant differences exist between conditions. Researchers average seat choice scores for each group and perform ANOVA to test whether the four experimental conditions produced statistically different attitudes toward outgroup members.

Informed consent requires researchers to provide participants with a brief description of research procedures, potential risks, and benefits before participation. This ethical requirement ensures participants understand what they're agreeing to, though researchers may use deception during the study if necessary to capture natural reactions, with full debriefing afterward.