资料来源:托尼娅·韦伯1
1马里兰大学医学院微生物学和免疫学系,马里兰州巴尔的摩的马琳和斯图尔特·格林鲍姆综合癌症中心 21201
ELISPOT 是一种标准化的、可重复的检测,用于检测细胞免疫反应。该测定利用一种基于酶链接的免疫吸附测定(ELISA)方法检测单细胞免疫反应,这些反应可以通过斑点可视化,因此命名为ELISPOT。1983年,Czerkinsky首次将ELISPOT描述为一种列举产生抗原特异性免疫球蛋白(1)的B细胞杂交瘤数量的方法。同一组进一步开发了测定,以测量细胞因子产生T淋巴细胞的频率。现在,ELISPOT已成为在临床试验和疫苗候选中测量抗原特异性T细胞免疫的黄金标准。例如,在接种疫苗后或感染期间,血浆细胞和记忆B细胞分泌抗体,提供保护。通常,通过测量抗原特异性抗体的血清位子来评估这些B细胞反应。然而,这种类型的分析,通常由ELISA测量,可能不包括记忆B细胞,即使在没有可检测的血清抗体水平的情况下,也可能存在记忆B细胞。此外,循环记忆B细胞对于病原体重新暴露后观察到的快速保护性抗体反应非常重要,因此能够检测这些细胞至关重要。因此,为了清楚地评估抗原特异性记忆B细胞反应,应同时使用ELISA和ELISPOT(2)。
ELISPOT 测定使用含有膜衬里孔的板,这些孔被涂有抗体,以捕获感兴趣的分泌蛋白质。然后,板加载细胞和刺激,以诱导蛋白质生产。分泌的蛋白质被表面涂覆的抗体捕获。在适当的孵育时间后,细胞被移除,并且使用生物缩化抗体检测分泌的分子,该抗体是特定为不同表位,与捕获抗体相比。接下来,加入链球菌蛋白过氧化物酶,然后添加基板,允许检测斑点(图1)。这种测定的用量是,它允许定量出产生感兴趣的蛋白质的细胞数量。重要的是,人们可以评估产生特定蛋白质的细胞总数是否有变化,或者种群中的单个细胞是否产生更多的蛋白质。此外,它可以提供有关动力学的信息,并可用于评估与抗原特异性反应(抗原模拟)相关的整体免疫活化(米托根刺激)。ELISPOT测定将允许在线生成或抗原特异性激活后在300,000个细胞中检测一个活化细胞。
图 1:ELISPOT 协议概述。
这种测定的主要优点是它简单,协议相对简单明了。它不需要技术专长,b. 敏感性 – 它允许在单个细胞水平上检测免疫细胞,并且与其他方法(如流式细胞测量、c. 功能)相比,它只需要很少的细胞,它提供有关免疫的定量数据功能。
本实验演示了用于检测IFN-分泌-血细胞的ELISPOT协议,但如上所述,此测定也可用于评估B细胞(3)的抗体分泌。
1. 设置
缓冲液和试剂
设备
材料
测定特异性试剂
2. 程序
涂层
阻塞
电镀和激活细胞
检测
原抗体
二次抗体
衬 底
3. 数据采集和分析
笔记:
酶相关的免疫点,或ELISPOT,分析病原体或细胞损伤的免疫反应的方法。它允许通过检测它们分泌的特定蛋白质来量化不同免疫细胞的激活。例如,ELISPOT 通常用于通过检测分泌的细胞因子来测量 T 细胞在暴露于异物抗原时的反应。
对于基于细胞因子的ELISPOT测定,该过程从ELISPOT微孔板的涂层开始,该微孔板具有捕获抗体,该抗体特定于目标细胞因子。抗体涂层后,T细胞被添加到井中,并通过外部剂(例如抗CD3抗体)刺激。细胞然后分泌目标细胞因子,该细胞因子立即被捕获抗体固定。由于蛋白质在分泌后从活细胞中立即捕获,没有稀释或降解,因此此测定具有高精度。目标细胞因子固定后,加入检测抗体,该抗体也与捕获的细胞因子结合。
ELISPOT 技术还可用于通过分析特定抗体的产生来量化感染或疫苗接种后的记忆 B 细胞。在基于抗体的ELISPOT中,使用特定的抗原代替抗体用于捕获步骤,抗原将结合到板中,或在检测步骤中,抗原在捕获后检测目标抗体。在该过程的所有变化中,对于T细胞或B细胞,检测抗体或抗原是生物仿当的,这使得它与链球蛋白结合的检测酶结合,如马萝卜过氧化物酶。然后,在添加过氧化物酶的基质AEC后,产生一种黑暗、不溶性沉淀物。这种沉淀标记捕获的蛋白质的位置,每个分泌细胞产生一个可见点,可以使用ELISPOT读取器或显微镜进行量化。斑点的大小是每个细胞分泌的蛋白质量的相对估计值。这种测定可以检测单个细胞的免疫反应,即使在相对较小的分泌细胞亚种群中,也可用于研究细胞层面的免疫反应。
在本视频中,您将学习如何执行 ELISPOT 测定,然后量化表示分泌细胞的点。
在整个实验中,通过在层流罩中工作并戴上手套,确保无菌条件。
此协议中的所有计算均基于一个 96 孔板所需的体积。
首先,稀释抗细胞因子捕获抗体。为此,将 10 毫升缓冲液转移到无菌的 15 毫升锥形管中。然后,使用移液器将10微升每毫升1毫克的单克隆抗体添加到缓冲液中,以创建最终浓度为每毫升1微克的溶液。接下来,将捕获抗体溶液倒入无菌储液罐中,并使用多通道移液器将 100 微升分配到 96 孔 ELISPOT 板的每个孔中。
用板盖盖住板,密封以防止蒸发,并在四摄氏度下孵育过夜。第二天,在层流罩中揭开 ELISPOT 板。快速将板倒置到无菌湿巾上,从每个孔中取出捕获抗体溶液。接下来,使用多通道移液器为每个孔添加 200 微升的细胞培养基。此步骤将阻止在测定期间进行非特定绑定。更换板盖,在 37 摄氏度的培养箱中孵育两小时。
在培养板时,通过在10毫升细胞培养基中加入一微升PMA和20微升的碘霉素,制备2X线粒体溶液,最终浓度达到每毫升PMA15毫微克和一微霉素。
此时,小鼠ssss的细胞悬浮液也应在无菌罩中准备。使用显微镜和血细胞计测量细胞的浓度并调整总体积,直到达到每毫升200万个细胞的库存浓度。
孵育完成后,迅速将板倒置到无菌湿巾上,从每个孔中取出细胞培养基。接下来,在 ELISPOT 板顶行的井中加入 200 微升的制备蜂窝悬浮液溶液。在三联设置实验,以便测试的每个单元格类型将镀在一组三个分组列中。在此下方,将 100 微升普通细胞培养基添加到下五行板中,在包含蜂窝库存溶液的行下方。
接下来,通过将 100 微升的电池悬浮液从顶行移入正下方的行,执行连续稀释,轻轻上下移液以均匀分布细胞。对其余行重复此过程,在每个步骤将 100 微升从上一行移动到下面的行,直到第五行被连续稀释。仅保留第六行与细胞培养基,以用作控件。为了刺激板的实验井中的细胞,在一排到五行的每口井中加入100微升制备的线粒体溶液。请务必离开第六行,这将作为控件,不受刺激。更换盖子,在 37 摄氏度和 5% CO2 下孵育板 24 至 48 小时。
准备稀释的生物氨酸抗细胞因子检测抗体。首先,通过将5毫升10%的胎儿牛血清加入45毫升的PBS,制备50毫升的测定稀释剂。接下来,将检测抗体稀释至测定稀释剂中每毫升2微克的浓度。此外,通过混合0.05%补间-20和PBS,此时准备20至25毫升的洗涤缓冲液。
孵育完成后,解开板的盖子,并迅速反转,从井中取出所有液体。通过在每口孔中加入约 200 微升的洗涤缓冲液来洗涤盘子。通过快速反转和轻拂水槽上的盘子来排出这种液体。重复此过程四次,共进行五次。接下来,在每个井中加入100微升的稀释检测抗体溶液,更换盖子,并在室温下孵育两小时。孵育后,通过反转板并在水槽上轻拂,将检测抗体溶液从板的孔中排出。
和以前一样,用洗涤缓冲液洗板五次,每次洗涤之间排出液体。最后洗涤后,根据制造商的说明稀释链球蛋白-马萝卜过氧化物酶溶液。接下来,在板的孔是空的,添加100微升稀释链球蛋白-马萝卜过氧化物酶溶液到每个井。将盖子放回盘子上,在室温下孵育两小时。
孵育后,使用前不超过15分钟,激活预制AEC基板溶液。丢弃井内的物品,用洗涤缓冲液洗碗五次,如前一样。然后,立即将100微升制备的AEC基板溶液加入每口井中。将板留在室温下发育约 10 到 20 分钟,同时监测斑点的发育。这些斑点在井面上显示为小而暗的圆圈。然后,停止反应,用水将盘子浸在水槽上。将盘子放在纸巾上,让空气干燥过夜或直到完全干燥。取出板下的塑料托盘有助于干燥。干燥后,这些斑点已准备好使用自动板读取器计数。
在这里,使用CTL免疫点读取器,但该协议可以适用于任何读取器。然后,打开 CTL 程序并单击”扫描计数”。将托盘的弹出从机器中伸出。然后,卸下塑料适配器,并在 ELISPOT 板和适配器上对齐行 A。选择要保存的文件的文件名和位置,并将板和适配器加载到托盘上。单击”加载软件”并关闭机器侧面的门。然后,按计数后开始。确保保存文件,然后打开质量控制 QC 软件来分析数据并计算点数。此数据作为 Excel 文件导出。分析完成后,单击”弹出”以检索板。
在实验中,对野生型和肿瘤小鼠的细胞进行了镀层和分析,以进行IFN伽玛分析。请注意,斑点的数量随着细胞浓度的降低而减少。通常,ELISPOT 数据以每镀电池数的点计数数的形式显示。在此示例中,点数显示在条形图中,每个细胞浓度都列在 x 轴上。请注意,点数表示给定总体中每个细胞总数激活的细胞数。
在本次ELISPOT测定中,对野生型和肿瘤小鼠的脾白细胞进行了分析,以检测IFN-α。图 2 A 显示了检测结果的可视图像。绿色数字表示每口井的点数(TNTC 表示”太多,无法计数”)。请注意,斑点的数量随着细胞浓度的降低而减少。
图2A:肿瘤小鼠免疫反应下降。请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。
通常,ELISPOT 数据以每镀电池数的点计数数的形式显示。在图 2 B 中,点数显示在条形图中,每个各自的细胞浓度列在 X 轴上。出于绘图目的,150 用于指示最大点数。在肿瘤携带动物中产生鼠性精血白细胞的IFN-α数量低于野生型动物。
图2B:肿瘤小鼠免疫反应下降。从对照C57BL/6(野生型)和肿瘤携带小鼠中采集了双核细胞,用PMA/电霉素刺激48小时。ELISPOT测定法用于定量IFN-α-生产脾白细胞的数量。(A) 数据的可视化和 (B) 图形表示形式。TNTC 表示数量过多,无法计数。出于绘图目的,150 用于指示最大点数。绿色数字表示每口井计数的点数。红色数字表示用于确定哪些点是细胞以及哪些点是碎片、伪影或边缘效应的参考井,应排除在分析之外。
ELISPOT测定允许一个人通过确定分泌特定Anlyat的细胞数量来评估免疫细胞的激活。斑点的大小和强度提供有关每个细胞产生的麻醉剂量的信息。上述协议详细说明了单个细胞因子的检测。然而,最近的事态发展增强了这种测定的效用。目前,人们可以使用荧光检测染料来检测井内多个分析物。这允许检测分泌一种或两种分析物的细胞的不同亚群。
The Enzyme-linked Immunospot, or ELISPOT, assay is a method to analyze the immune response to a pathogen or cell damage. It allows for quantification of the activation of different immune cells by detecting specific proteins they secrete. For example, ELISPOT is commonly used for measuring T-cell responses upon exposure to a foreign antigen by detecting secreted cytokines.
For a cytokine-based ELISPOT assay, the process begins with the coating of an ELISPOT microplate with a capture antibody, which is specific to the target cytokine. After the antibody coating, T-cells are added to the wells and stimulated by an external agent, like anti-CD3 antibody, for example. The cells then secrete the target cytokine, which immediately gets immobilized by the capture antibody. Since the protein is captured instantly post-secretion from live cells, without dilution or degradation, this assay has a high accuracy. After the target cytokine is immobilized, a detection antibody is added, which also binds to the captured cytokine.
The ELISPOT technique can also be used to quantify memory B-cells after an infection or vaccination by analyzing their production of specific antibodies. In an antibody-based ELISPOT, a specific antigen is used instead of an antibody for either the capture step, where the antigen will be bound to the plate, or at the detection step, where the antigen detects the target antibody post-capture. In all variations of the process, for T-cells or B-cells, the detection antibody or antigen is biotinylated, which allows it to bind to a streptavidin-conjugated detection enzyme, such as horseradish peroxidase. Then, upon addition of the peroxidase’s substrate, AEC, a dark, insoluble precipitate is produced. This precipitate marks the location of the captured protein, and each secretory cell results in a visible spot, which can be quantified using an ELISPOT reader or a microscope. The size of the spots is a relative estimate of the amount of protein secreted from each cell. This assay can detect immune responses from single cells, even in relatively small subpopulations of secretory cells, making it useful for studying immune responses at the cellular level.
In this video, you will learn how to perform an ELISPOT assay and then quantify the spots representing the secretory cells.
Throughout the experiment, ensure sterile conditions by working in a laminar flow hood and wearing gloves.
All calculations in this protocol are based on the volume needed for one 96-well plate.
First, dilute the anti-cytokine capture antibody. To do this, transfer 10 milliliters of buffer into a sterile 15 milliliter conical tube. Then, use a pipette to add 10 microliters of one milligram per milliliter of monoclonal antibody to the buffer to create a solution with a final concentration of one microgram per milliliter. Next, pour the capture antibody solution into a sterile reservoir and, using a multichannel pipette, distribute 100 microliters into each well of a 96-well ELISPOT plate.
Cover the plate with a plate cover, seal it to prevent evaporation, and incubate overnight at four degrees Celsius. The next day, uncover the ELISPOT plate in the laminar flow hood. Quickly invert the plate onto sterile wipes to remove the capture antibody solution from each well. Next, use a multichannel pipette to add 200 microliters of cell culture medium to each well. This step will block non-specific binding during the assay. Replace the plate cover and incubate in a 37 degrees Celsius incubator for two hours.
While the plate is incubating, prepare a 2X mitogen solution by adding one microliter of PMA and 20 microliters of ionomycin to 10 milliliters of cell culture medium to achieve a final concentration of 15 nanograms per milliliter PMA and one micromolar ionomycin.
Cellular suspensions of mouse splenocytes should also be prepared at this time in a sterile hood. Using a microscope and hemocytometer, measure the concentration of cells and adjust the total volume until a stock concentration of two million cells per milliliter is reached.
After incubation is complete, quickly invert the plate onto sterile wipes to remove the cell culture medium from each well. Next, add 200 microliters of the prepared cellular suspension stock solution to the wells in the top row of the ELISPOT plate. Set up the experiment in triplicate, so that each cell type tested will be plated in a set of three grouped columns. Below this, add 100 microliters of plain cell culture medium to the next five rows of the plate, below the rows containing cellular stock solution.
Next, perform a serial dilution by pipetting 100 microliters of the cell suspension from the top row into the row directly below, gently pipetting the solution up and down to evenly distribute the cells. Repeat this process for the remaining rows, moving 100 microliters from the previous row to the row below at each step, continuing until the fifth row has been serially diluted. Leave the sixth row with cell culture medium only, to serve as a control. To stimulate the cells in the experimental wells of the plate, add 100 microliters of the prepared mitogen solution to the cellular suspensions in each well of rows one through five. Be sure to leave the sixth row, which will serve as the control, unstimulated. Replace the lid and incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius and 5% CO2 for 24 to 48 hours.
Prepare the diluted biotinylated anti-cytokine detecting antibody. First, prepare 50 milliliters of assay diluent by adding 5 milliliters of 10% fetal bovine serum to 45 milliliters of PBS. Next, dilute the detecting antibody to a concentration of 2 micrograms per milliliter in assay diluent. Also, prepare 20 to 25 milliliters of wash buffer at this time, by mixing .05% Tween-20 and PBS.
After the incubation is complete, uncap the plate and quickly invert it to remove all liquid from the wells. Wash the plate by adding about 200 microliters of wash buffer to each well. Expel this liquid by quickly inverting and flicking the plate over a sink. Repeat this process four more times for a total of five washes. Next, add 100 microliters of the diluted detection antibody solution to each well, replace the lid, and incubate at room temperature for two hours. After incubation, expel the detection antibody solution from the wells of the plate by inverting and flicking the plate over the sink.
As before, wash the plate five times with wash buffer, expelling the liquid between each wash. After the final wash, prepare the streptavidin- horseradish peroxidase solution by diluting it according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Next, with the wells of the plate empty, add 100 microliters of diluted streptavidin- horseradish peroxidase solution to each well. Place the lid back onto the plate and incubate at room temperature for two hours.
After the incubation, no more than 15 minutes before use, activate pre-made AEC substrate solution. Discard the contents of the wells and wash the plate five times with wash buffer, as before. Then, immediately add 100 microliters of prepared AEC substrate solution into each well. Leave the plate at room temperature to develop for approximately 10 to 20 minutes, while monitoring spot development. These spots will appear as small, darkened circles on the surface of the wells. Then, stop the reaction by rinsing the plate with water and flicking it over the sink. Blot the plate on paper towels and allow to air dry overnight or until completely dry. Removing the plastic tray under the plate will facilitate drying. After drying, the spots are ready to be counted with an automated plate reader.
Here, the CTL ImmunoSpot reader is used, but this protocol can be adapted for any reader. Then, open the CTL program and click on Scan Count. Push eject for the tray to extend from the machine. Then, remove the plastic adapter and align row A on the ELISPOT plate and adapter. Choose a file name and location for the file to be saved and load the plate and adapter onto the tray. Click Load on the software and close the door on the side of the machine. Then, press Start After Counting. Ensure that the file is saved and then open the Quality Control QC software to analyze the data and count the number of spots. Export this data as an Excel file. Once analysis is complete, click Eject to retrieve the plate.
In this experiment, cells from wild type and tumor-bearing mice were plated and analyzed for IFN gamma. Notice that the number of spots decreases with decreasing cell concentration. Typically, ELISPOT data are presented as the number of spot counts per number of cells plated. In this example, the number of spots were displayed in a bar graph, with each respective cellular concentration listed on the x-axis. Notice that the number of spots indicates the number of activated cells per total number of cells in a given population.
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