Name: 结合电玩与高密度的脑电图和红外视线跟踪基于行为的实验 (视频) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2010-12-16T17:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 13 min 40 s
Description: 学习在电子游戏中同时进行高密度脑电图记录与红外视线跟踪的方法，用于认知神经科学研究。该技术通过游戏化任务降低被试焦虑并提升参与度，适用于儿童与临床人群的长期实验。

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本项目由自闭症之声（Autism Speaks）试点研究资助项目 #2597 和美国国家科学基金会教师早期职业发展奖 #BCS-0846892 资助。

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未声明任何利益冲突。

或许，整合性研究面临的最重要障碍，是单个实验受试者（尤其是来自临床人群的受试者）在合理预期下能够持续参与实验而不至于疲劳的时间有限。遗憾的是，从研究者的角度来看，刺激材料控制得越严格，从受试者的角度来看，实验往往就越显得重复且乏味。近年来，关于神经精神障碍的行为学研究突显了动机、行为定势以及任务指导在建立认知策略和决定行为表现方面的重要性（例如 Plaisted et al. 1999；Dalton et al. 2005）。鉴于这些考虑，我们将实验刺激嵌入到一个视频游戏的情境中，以吸引并维持受试者的兴趣，同时在受试者玩游戏的过程中透明地收集行为数据，并与生理记录同步。这种具有吸引力且生态效度高的实验形式，相较于传统重复性的试验区块，具有诸多实际优势。事实上，注意力转换的不同水平与需求，以及多模态整合，在视频游戏情境中自然呈现；诸如点运动相干性与嵌入图形等心理物理学测量指标，可轻松实现为例如视窗中星场的移动，或在杂乱环境中检测特定物体。此外，视频游戏所具有的策略性和对抗性特征，为探索更高层次的认知指标（如对游戏相关叙事的理解，以及对计算机生成对手的社会归因）提供了天然的机会。视频游戏可引发注意力与感知...

<table><tbody><tr><td>128通道BioSemi ActiveTwo测量系统</td><td>BioSemi</td><td></td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biosemi.com">http://www.biosemi.com&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>32通道A组 + CMS/DRL</td><td>BioSemi</td><td>P32-ABC-ACMS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>32通道B组</td><td>BioSemi</td><td>P32-ABC-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>32通道C组</td><td>BioSemi</td><td>P32-ABC-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>32通道D组</td><td>BioSemi</td><td>P32-ABC-D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EX1-EX8电极</td><td>BioSemi</td><td>8 x TP PIN</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>128通道帽</td><td>BioSemi</td><td>CAP M 128</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EyeLink 1000红外眼动仪</td><td>SR Research Ltd.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EyeLink 1000远程摄像头升级组件</td><td>SR Research Ltd.</td><td>n/a</td><td>支持目标贴纸追踪</td></tr><tr><td>SignaGel电极凝胶</td><td>Parker Laboratories Inc.</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.05% KCl电解质（NaCl）凝胶</td><td>N/A</td><td>n/a</td><td>购自复合药房</td></tr><tr><td>Intensity Pro</td><td>Blackmagic Design</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

结合计算机游戏型行为实验与高密度脑电图及红外眼动追踪

Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking

实验范式的有效性取决于其刺激的时间安排及其他参数是否得到明确设定和控制，同时也取决于其能否在生态效度较高的条件下产生与认知加工相关的数据。这两个目标常常相互冲突，因为控制严密的刺激往往过于重复，难以维持被试的动机。采用脑电图（EEG）的研究尤其容易受到生态效度与实验控制之间这一两难困境的影响：为了在生理信号的平均值中获得足够的信噪比，需要在长时间的记录过程中进行大量重复试验，这限制了被试群体的范围，仅能纳入那些具备完成重复性任务所需能力和耐心的个体。这一限制严重阻碍了研究者对年幼儿童群体以及与焦虑增强或注意力异常相关的临床群体的探究。即使是成年非临床被试，也可能无法达到其典型的任务表现水平或认知参与程度：一个缺乏动机、仅将实验任务视为苦差事的被试，在行为、认知乃至神经层面，都与一个内在动机强烈且积极参与任务的被试截然不同。越来越多的文献表明，将实验嵌入视频游戏中，可能为解决实验控制与生态效度之间的矛盾提供一条可行路径。游戏的叙事背景为任务的发生提供了更为真实的情境，从而增强了任务的生态效度（Chaytor &amp; Schmitter-Edgecombe, 2003）。此外，这种情境本身也能激发被试完成任务的动机。在我们的游戏中，被试需执行各种任务，例如收集资源、抵御海盗、截获通信或促进外交关系。在此过程中，他们同时完成一系列认知任务，包括Posner注意力转移范式（Posner, 1980）、运动抑制的“执行/不执行”测试、心理物理学中的运动相干性阈值任务、嵌入图形测验（Witkin, 1950, 1954）以及心理理论任务（Wimmer &amp; Perner, 1983）。游戏软件会自动将游戏中的刺激以及被试的动作和反应记录在日志文件中，并发送事件编码以与生理数据记录设备同步。因此，该游戏可与EEG或fMRI等生理测量手段结合使用，也可与逐时刻的眼动追踪技术联合应用。眼动追踪可用于验证被试对行为任务（如注视点固定）的依从性及其对实验刺激的外显注意力，同时也能通过瞳孔扩张反映其生理唤醒水平（Bradley et al., 2008）。当采样频率足够高时，眼动追踪还有助于通过微扫视评估隐性注意力——微扫视是幅度极小、不足以将新物体投射至中央凹的眼动，但其起始速度迅速，且角距离与峰值速度之间的关系与跨越更大距离的扫视相同。微扫视的方向分布与（其他方式难以察觉的）隐性注意方向相关（Hafed &amp; Clark, 2002）。

本文描述了在基于计算机游戏的认知任务期间记录高密度脑电图（EEG）和眼动数据的操作步骤。使用电子游戏来呈现认知任务可在不牺牲实验控制的前提下提高生态效度。

实验范式的价值在于其刺激的时间及其他参数能够被明确设定和控制，并且在于它们……

本视频演示了一种在受试者执行嵌入于电脑游戏中的引人入胜且生态效度高的认知任务时，同步获取眼动追踪和高密度脑电图（EEG）记录的操作流程。首先，将电极固定在受试者头部。随后，对眼动追踪摄像头进行校准。受试者在进行游戏的同时记录脑电图（EEG）和注视数据。通过游戏事件诱发出事件相关电位和事件相关谱扰动。该技术相较于现有方法（例如ePrime或Presentation等刺激呈现软件）的主要优势在于，将实验嵌入计算机游戏中，能够通过脱离明确的测试情境来缓解受试者的操作焦虑，并有助于受试者在整个较长的实验过程中保持积极性和任务参与度。涵盖多种认知任务。这些特性对于儿童和临床人群尤为重要，因为在这些人群中，注意力和动机可能成为复杂或长时间实验过程中的障碍。我叫Keith Yoder，是博蒙特实验室的研究助理。今天协助我的是大卫·波斯特（David Post），他是人类发展系的一名实验室技术员，同时也是UAUA的研究生。我们将使用一个128通道的Bios系统，一种半主动双测量系统，以及SR Research公司生产的iLink 1000型红外眼动追踪仪。在开始结合电脑游戏与脑电图（EEG）的实验之前，应在被试到达前约一小时对电极进行平衡，以确保各电极的偏移量处于±20微伏（µV）的范围内。对于脑电图实验，可通过将电极浸入盐水中5到10分钟来实现电极平衡，盐水的配制比例为每升蒸馏水中加入一茶匙食盐。切勿将电极在任何液体中浸泡超过10分钟。从盐浴中取出电极后，在受试者到达前，使用装有蒸馏水的喷雾瓶冲洗电极。打开眼动追踪相机的转换盒及计算机，以实现眼动追踪与脑电图（EEG）的同步记录；务必在眼动追踪相机上使用16毫米长的镜头。该系统使用四台计算机，分别为一台专用的眼动追踪计算机、一台专用的脑电（EEG）采集计算机、一台专用的刺激呈现计算机，以及一台用于视频采集和数据分析的计算机。另配备两个转换器盒，用于处理眼动追踪计算机和刺激呈现计算机的VGA输出信号，并将拼接后的视频信号发送至视频采集计算机。通过这种方式，视频采集计算机可以记录受试者所看到的游戏画面，画面上叠加有代表当前注视点的光标以及时间戳。该叠加视频将被保存至视频采集计算机的磁盘文件中。接下来，让我们查看脑电图（EEG）的设置。通过测量受试者眉毛至枕外隆突处的头围，开始准备脑电图（EEG）实验，并选择合适尺寸的电极帽。将电极帽戴在受试者头部，确保标签位于帽外，并贴于受试者颈部。调整帽的位置，直到A1电极相对于鼻根、枕外隆突和左右耳廓处于中心位置，且帽的中线与受试者头部的中线对齐。鼻根是指鼻梁与眉间之间的凹陷处。枕外隆突是头后部中线上可触及的骨性突起，耳廓是指耳道开口前方延伸的软骨部分。当帽盖就位后，将粘合环贴到电极的塑料外壳上，即 ex five 和 ex six。将环的开口与电极 pellet 对齐。取下粘附环的纸制背

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