Name: 果蝇 被动回避行为作为研究联想性厌恶学习的新范式 (视频) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2021-10-15T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 20 s
Description: 学习果蝇被动回避行为实验方法，用于研究联想性厌恶学习与记忆巩固机制。该方案利用电击抑制负趋地性，可探究遗传、药理及饮食干预对学习记忆的影响，为神经科学研究提供简便可重复的技术平台。

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本研究部分由美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）R15ES029673（AKM）资助。

1. 被动回避装置的准备
<ol>
	<li>在14 mL聚丙烯培养管的管壁表面，距离管底8 mm处，垂直钻一个4 mm的孔。 
	注意：使用电钻和5/32英寸钻头可获得最佳效果。</li>
	<li>使用钢制美工刀，切下14 mL聚丙烯培养管的上半部分，保留45 mm长的管底片段。该片段作为下部室。</li>
	<li>使用单刃剃须刀片切去1,000 µL蓝色吸头的尖端，使开口足够宽，以便单只果蝇通过。切去蓝色吸头的收缩部分，制成一段12 mm长的片段。将此片段牢固地插入下部室的4 mm孔中。该片段用作转移果蝇的装载口。</li>
	<li>截取一段15 mm长、内径为5/8&#34;的透明乙烯基软管（见材料表），作为连接套管。从相对两端将上部室和下部室插入该套管中，以牢固连接上下两室。</li>
	<li>使用双爪可调夹具将组装好的装置固定在垂直支架上。将装置垂直放置，其中电击管作为上部室。</li>
	<li>将电击管的导线连接至电刺激器（见材料表），以施加电击刺激。训练持续时间为1分钟。 
	&#8203;注意：为便于观察，可在电击管后方放置一张白纸，作为装置的白色背景。在电击室上方放置一盏配有75 W等效柔光灯泡的灯具。在装置前方放置一个带可调臂的放大镜照明灯。被动回避装置的示意图见图1。</li>
</ol>
2. 被动回避实验前果蝇的准备
<ol>
	<li>固定3-4日龄 D. melanogaster 或 D. simulans 使用冰块对果蝇进行冷麻醉，并在实验前24小时将其转移至含食物的单独小瓶中（每瓶1只果蝇），操作步骤参照先前所述方法19. 
	注意：此处描述的实验比较了3-4日龄雄性 对比雌性果蝇在 D. melanogaster 和 D. simulans.</li>
	<li>在行为学实验之前，对所有小瓶进行编码。为此，为每组分配一个字母，例如 &#34;A&#34;, &#34;B&#34;, &#34;C&#34;等，并为每只果蝇编号。在所有数据记录和分析完成之前，不得公开此编码。每种基因型或处理组至少使用20只果蝇，以减少个体差异的影响。 
	&#8203;注意：进行实验与分析 &#34;盲法&#34; 可避免在评估果蝇行为表现及数据分析时引入偏差。</li>
</ol>
3. 进行第一次试验
<ol>
	<li>使用果蝇口吸管（参见 材料表如前所述20, 轻轻地将一只果蝇从单独的试剂管转移到下层隔室 通过 装载平台。用口吸器轻轻吸气，吸取一只果蝇。通过轻轻向装载平台吹气，将果蝇释放。 
	注意：在抓取和装载动物时，应避免使其受到应激。</li>
	<li>果蝇放入下层室后，立即启动1分钟计时器和秒表。 
	注意：使用秒表测量潜伏期，使用计数器统计电击次数。</li>
	<li>按下秒表，当果蝇用四只爪子完全进入电击管时记录首次潜伏期。开启刺激器，对果蝇施加电刺激。刺激参数为：120伏，持续时间1000毫秒，脉冲频率1脉冲/秒（PPS），脉冲串持续时间2000毫秒。</li>
	<li>如果果蝇重新进入电击管，则给予额外电击。使用计数器或基于Arduino的计数装置，在1分钟试验期间记录果蝇接受的电击次数（参见 材料表）。如果使用基于 Arduino 的计数器，请遵循以下步骤。 
	注意：可选的基于Arduino的设备AKM-007（参见 材料表可以使用该设备通过按压和释放相应按钮来测量每只动物的时间、潜伏期、电击次数以及理毛行为的频率和持续时间。设备上的按钮分别用于测量潜伏期、施加并记录电击次数，以及测量理毛行为的频率和持续时间。
	<ol>
		<li>按压 开始 步骤 3.2 中的按钮，并按下 休克 步骤 3.3 中的按钮</li>
		<li>要记录一次理毛行为的持续时间，请按下 梳理行为 在设备上开始理毛行为时按下按钮，并在理毛行为结束时松开该按钮。 
		注意：理毛行为持续时间在1分钟试验期内全程记录。过度理毛可能提示动物处于应激状态21,22基于Arduino的设备将所有数据以CSV文件格式保存至存储卡中。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>1 分钟试验结束后，轻柔地将果蝇转移回单独的样品管中。记录潜伏期、接受电击的次数以及行为上的任何显著变化。</li>
	<li>用70%乙醇清洁下部和震荡仓，再用无尘清洁纸巾擦拭（参见 材料表），并用吹风机吹干。对下一只果蝇重复该实验步骤。</li>
	<li>行为学实验结束后，用水和无味清洁剂清洗下部隔室，再用70%乙醇擦拭下部隔室和电击隔室，并过夜风干。</li>
</ol>
4. 进行第二次试验
<ol>
	<li>24小时后，通过重复上述步骤（步骤3）进行第二次试验。测试果蝇的顺序应与前一天相同。</li>
</ol>
5. 结果分析
<ol>
	<li>针对每组实验动物，计算试验1和试验2的平均潜伏期、平均电击次数以及理毛行为的持续时间。对于两组间的比较，采用学生t检验；对于多组比较，采用方差分析（ANOVA），并使用Tukey检验进行事后分析23。</li>
</ol>

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</ol>

作者声明无利益冲突。

避免威胁性刺激是多种物种适应性行为的关键特征，从 C秀丽隐杆线虫 对人类32通常涉及逃避厌恶性事件的回避学习程序，是研究实验啮齿类动物学习与记忆过程的常用行为学任务。13 自20世纪70年代以来32在主动回避实验中，一个中性刺激或条件信号（CS）之后会跟随一个厌恶事件或非条件信号（US），动物通过执行特定的行为任务来学会避免该厌恶事件。在被动回避实验中，动物需要将先前受到惩罚的行为与特定的环境背景相关联，从而避免遭遇厌恶的US。33较长的保留测试潜伏期表明记忆较好，提示动物对训练经历形成了详细的表征13被动回避训练包含单次试验；然而，该任务习得背后的脑机制十分复杂，因为动物需要学习将多种信息关联起来，包括环境信息、空间位置信息以及厌恶刺激。13改变这些刺激可用来研究情节性和情境性记忆类型13</sup...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/63163">Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning</a>. The Representative Results and Discussion&#160;sections were&#160;updated.
In the Representative Results, the legend for Figure 5 was updated from:
Figure 5: Comparison of passive avoidance and grooming behavior in D. simulans males and females. (A)&#160;Average latency (s) per trial. The graph shows no statistically significant differences between males and females in the latencies. (B) An average number of received shocks per trial. The graph shows no statistically significant differences between males and females in the number of received shocks. (C) The total duration of grooming bouts in trials 1-3. While there were no statistically significant differences between males and females, the female flies showed a considerable increase in grooming behavior during trials 2 and 3 compared to trial 1. Abbreviations: *- P&#60;0.05. One-way ANOVA with Tukey&#39;s multiple comparisons test.
to:
Figure 5: Comparison of passive avoidance and grooming behavior in D. simulans males and females. (A)&#160;Average latency (s) per trial. The graph shows no statistically significant differences between males and females in the latencies. (B) An average number of received shocks per trial. The graph shows no statistically significant differences between males and females in the number of received shocks. (C) The total duration of grooming bouts in trials 1-3. While there were no statistically significant differences between males and females, the female flies showed a considerable decrease in grooming behavior during trials 2 and 3 compared to trial 1. Abbreviations: *- P&#60;0.05. One-way ANOVA with Tukey&#39;s multiple comparisons test.
In the Discussion, the third paragraph&#160;was updated from:
The assay worked equally well in D. melanogaster and D. simulans male and female flies, demonstrating that the paradigm could be adapted to different D. species. The changes in fly behavior characterized by increased latencies and decreased number of shocks were statistically significant in the second trial and would strengthen with subsequent trials. Interestingly, if na&#239;ve flies were habituated to the apparatus without electric shock, they would enter the upper compartment a little faster on the second and the third trials. However, the decrease in latencies was not statistically significant (data not shown). No statistically significant differences were observed between sexes, although female flies had somewhat longer latencies and received slightly more shocks. This difference could be due to a combination of factors, including females&#39; failure to associate the shock with the upper compartment, a stronger geotaxis, or possibly because females are slightly larger and slower than males. The total duration of grooming bouts was significantly higher in the second and third trials in female flies, which draws a parallel between D. and rodent anxiety-like behaviors26.
to:
The assay worked equally well in D. melanogaster and D. simulans male and female flies, demonstrating that the paradigm could be adapted to different D. species. The changes in fly behavior characterized by increased latencies and decreased number of shocks were statistically significant in the second trial and would strengthen with subsequent trials. Interestingly, if na&#239;ve flies were habituated to the apparatus without electric shock, they would enter the upper compartment a little faster on the second and the third trials. However, the decrease in latencies was not statistically significant (data not shown). No statistically significant differences were observed between sexes, although female flies had somewhat longer latencies and received slightly more shocks. This difference could be due to a combination of factors, including females&#39; failure to associate the shock with the upper compartment, a stronger geotaxis, or possibly because females are slightly larger and slower than males. The total duration of grooming bouts was significantly lower&#160;in the second and third trials in female flies, which draws a parallel between D. and rodent anxiety-like behaviors26.

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/63163">Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning</a>. The Representative Results and Discussion&#160;sections were&#160;updated.

Erratum: Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

学习与记忆是一种在进化上古老的环境适应机制，从Drosophila (D.)到人类均高度保守1。果蝇是研究学习与记忆基本原理的有力模式生物，因其提供了丰富的强大遗传工具，可用于解析其内在的分子机制2。早期的遗传筛选研究利用了果蝇依赖敏锐嗅觉寻找食物、潜在配偶以及躲避天敌的特性6，通过嗅觉条件化方法鉴定出对学习与记忆至关重要的rutabaga3、amnesiac4和dunce5基因2。
由于Tully和Quinn引入了嗅觉T型迷宫7,8，嗅觉条件化已成为研究学习与记忆机制的常用范式。随后，其他用于检测多种类型学习与记忆的方法也被相继提出，包括视觉条件化9、求偶行为条件化10、厌恶性趋光抑制实验11以及寄生蜂暴露条件化12。然而，这些实验方法大多需要复杂的装置，必须在大学的工作坊中定制，或通过供应商购买。本文所描述的范式基于一种简单的行为学检测方法，用于研究果蝇的厌恶性关联学习，仅需少量易得的材料即可轻松组装完成。
所述范式相当于实验小鼠和大鼠中的被动（或抑制性）回避行为，即动物学会回避其先前曾遭受电击的区域13。在啮齿类动物中，该实验基于它们天生回避明亮光线并偏好较暗区域的行为特征14。在首次试验中，将动物置于明亮的区域，动物会迅速离开该区域，进入黑暗隔间，并在此处给予足部电击。通常，仅一次训练即可形成稳定的长期记忆，表现为24小时后潜伏期显著延长。该潜伏期随后被用作评估动物对厌恶刺激与特定环境之间关联记忆能力的指标15。
本研究描述了一种使用D.作为模型系统的类似实验方法，该模型相较于啮齿类动物模型具有多项优势，包括成本效益高、样本量大、无需监管审批以及可利用强大的遗传学工具16,17。该实验基于负向趋地性行为，即当果蝇被置于垂直表面时，会表现出向上攀爬的倾向18。实验装置由两个垂直的腔室组成。在首次试验中，将一只果蝇放入下方腔室，它通常在3–15秒内离开该区域，进入上方腔室并受到电击刺激。在持续1分钟的试验过程中，部分果蝇可能偶尔再次进入上腔室，从而受到额外电击。在24小时后的测试阶段，果蝇进入上腔室的潜伏期显著延长，同时受到的电击次数较第一天明显减少，表明果蝇已形成对上腔室的厌恶性关联记忆。通过分析潜伏期、电击次数以及理毛行为的持续时间和频率，可评估动物的行为表现及其建立并记忆厌恶刺激与特定环境之间关联的能力。代表性结果表明，西方饮食（WD）暴露显著损害了雄性果蝇的被动回避行为，提示WD对果蝇的行为和认知功能具有显著负面影响。相反，飞行锻炼可缓解WD的不利影响，改善果蝇的被动回避行为。

<table><tbody><tr><td>布卢明顿配方饲料</td><td>营养果蝇饲料（Nutri-Fly）</td><td>&amp;nbsp;66-112</td><td>可从加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥市的 Genesee Scientific Inc. 公司购买</td></tr><tr><td>1000 &amp;micro;L 蓝色吸头</td><td>费舍尔（Fisher）</td><td>NC9546243</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>17 x 100 mm 14 mL 聚丙烯培养管</td><td>VWR</td><td>&amp;nbsp;60818-689</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>基于 Arduino 的自动控制模块</td><td>本实验室自制</td><td>AKM-007</td><td>该设备为可选部件。完整说明、示意图、接线图及代码可在东卡罗来纳大学数字市场（ECU Digital Market）获取 - https://digitalmarket.ecu.edu/akmmodule</td></tr><tr><td>双显示屏双通道&amp;nbsp; 数字时钟/计时器</td><td>Digi-Sense</td><td>AO-94440-10</td><td>https://www.amazon.com/Cole-Parmer-AO-94440-10-Dual-Display-2-Channel-Jumbo-Digit/dp/B00PR0809G/ref=sr_1_5?dchild=1&amp;amp;keywords=Dual-Display+timer+jumbo&amp;amp;qid=1627660660&amp;amp;sr=&lt;br/&gt; 8-5#customerReviews</td></tr><tr><td>电子指针计数器</td><td>无（N/A）</td><td>无（N/A）</td><td>https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01M8IRK6F/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_title?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;psc=1</td></tr><tr><td>费舍尔品牌 Sparkleen 1 型洗涤剂</td><td>费舍尔科技（Fisher Scientific）</td><td>04-320-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>果蝇口吸器</td><td>本实验室自制</td><td></td><td>制备方法见参考文献19</td></tr><tr><td>Grass S88 刺激器</td><td>无（N/A）</td><td>无（N/A）</td><td>可用任何能提供所述参数的刺激器替代</td></tr><tr><td>Kim-wipes 擦拭纸</td><td>费舍尔科技（Fisher Scientific）</td><td>06-666</td><td>Kimberly-Clark 专业系列 34120</td></tr><tr><td>果蝇固定用金属块</td><td>本实验室自制</td><td></td><td>尺寸为 4 x 13 x 23.5 cm 的铝块</td></tr><tr><td>Nutiva 美国农业部（USDA）认证有机、非转基因红棕榈油</td><td>Nutiva</td><td>无（N/A）</td><td>https://www.amazon.com/Nutiva-Certified-Cold-Filtered-Unrefined-Ecuadorian/dp/B00JJ1E83G/ref=sxts_rp_s1_0?cv_ct_cx=Nutiva+USDA+Certified+Organic%2C+non-GMO%2C+Red+Palm+Oil&amp;amp;dchild=1&amp;amp;keywords=Nutiva+USDA+Certified+Organic%2C+non-GMO%2C+Red+Palm+Oil&amp;amp;pd_rd_i=B00JJ1E83G&amp;amp;pd_&lt;br/&gt; rd_r=f35e9d2f-afe4-44b6-afc2-1c9cd705be18&amp;amp;pd_rd_w=&lt;br/&gt; R3Zb4&amp;amp;pd_rd_wg=eUv1m&amp;amp;pf_rd_&lt;br/&gt; p=c6bde456-f877-4246-800f-44405f638777&amp;amp;pf&lt;br/&gt; _rd_r=M94N11RC7NH333EMJ66Y&lt;br/&gt; &amp;amp;psc=1&amp;amp;qid=1627661533&amp;amp;sr=1-1-f0029781-b79b-4b60-9cb0-eeda4dea34d6</td></tr><tr><td>电击管</td><td>CelExplorer</td><td>TMA-201</td><td>https://www.celexplorer.com/product_detail.asp?id=217&amp;amp;MainType=110&amp;amp;SubType=8</td></tr><tr><td>秒表</td><td>Accusplit</td><td>A601XLN</td><td>https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0007ZGZYI/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_title?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;psc=1</td></tr><tr><td>透明乙烯基软管（外径 3/4&amp;rdquo;，内径 5/8&amp;rdquo;）</td><td>Lowes</td><td></td><td>可从 Lowes 公司购买</td></tr></tbody></table>

drosophila 被动回避行为作为研究关联性厌恶学习的新范式

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

本方案描述了一种用于分析成年果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）厌恶性关联学习的新范式。该范式类似于实验啮齿类动物中的被动回避行为，即动物学会回避其先前曾遭受电击的区域。该检测方法利用了果蝇的负向趋地性，表现为当果蝇被置于垂直表面时具有向上攀爬的倾向。实验装置由上下两个垂直排列的隔室组成。在第一次试验中，将一只果蝇放入下方隔室，它通常在3–15秒内离开该隔室&#160;，进入上方隔室并在此处受到电击。在24小时后的第二次试验中，果蝇进入上方隔室的潜伏期显著延长。同时，与第一次试验相比，其受到的电击次数减少，表明果蝇已对上方隔室形成了长期记忆。潜伏期和电击次数的记录可使用计数器和秒表完成，也可借助基于Arduino的简易设备进行。为展示该检测方法的应用，本文对D. melanogaster和D. simulans的雄性和雌性果蝇的被动回避行为进行了表征。对潜伏期和电击次数的比较显示，D. melanogaster和D. simulans果蝇均能有效习得被动回避行为。雄性和雌性果蝇之间未观察到统计学上的显著差异。然而，在第一次试验中，雄性进入上方隔室的速度略快，而雌性在每次记忆保持试验中受到的电击次数略高。西方饮食（WD）显著损害了雄性果蝇的学习与记忆能力，而飞行锻炼可抵消这种不利影响。综上所述，果蝇的被动回避行为提供了一种简单且可重复的检测方法，可用于研究学习与记忆的基本机制。

被动回避实验在 D. melanogaster （Canton-S）和 D. simulans实验比较了连续试验之间的潜伏期和接受电击的次数。最初，实验使用3-4日龄的雄性 D. melanogaster 果蝇。果蝇在温湿度可控的环境中，饲养于标准的Bloomington配方饲料上。 24 °C 在12小时光照-黑暗循环、70%湿度及受控种群密度条件下饲养。通过保持所有组别的繁殖条件一致来控制密度。每瓶中放入15只雄性和15只雌性，共同繁殖48小时 24 °C，70% 湿度，12 小时光照周期的条件下繁殖后代。果蝇的被动回避行为通过四次间隔 24 小时、每次持续 2 分钟的实验进行研究。所有实验均在每天同一时间进行。实验过程中，将一只果蝇从单独的玻璃小瓶中轻轻吸出，并转移至下方隔间 通过 一个装卸平台（图1。实验结果表明 D. melanogaster 能够成功学习并记忆被动回避行为。在第一次试验中，未经训练的果蝇平均在16秒内（16.15±2.64）进入上层区域，并经常...

本研究描述了一种简单的行为范式，可用于分析成年果蝇的厌恶性关联学习。该方法基于特定环境背景与电击之间形成关联，从而抑制果蝇与生俱来的负向趋地性行为。

Drosophila 被动回避行为作为研究关联性厌恶学习的新范式

本方案描述了一种用于分析成年果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）厌恶性关联学习的新范式。该范式类似于……

本方案描述了一种简单的动物行为学实验方法，可用于研究果蝇的负面关联学习及记忆巩固过程，包括基因与环境相互作用的影响。本文所述的实验方法操作简便、可重复且成本较低，仅需少量易得的材料即可完成组装，适用于学习与记忆机制的研究。该方法有助于揭示由不同遗传、药物及饮食干预所导致的学习与记忆障碍背后的基本机制。本实验操作将由本实验室的本科生 Morgan Tedder 和 Steven Bradley 演示。首先，在一个 14 毫升聚丙烯培养管底部向上约 4 毫米处，垂直钻一个直径 4 毫米的孔。切去培养管上部，保留 45 毫米的底部片段，作为下层室使用。剪下1000微升移液器吸头的顶部，制成一段12毫米的片段。将该片段插入培养管的4毫米孔中，作为转移果蝇的装载平台。剪取一段15毫米长的透明乙烯基管，从相对两端将上、下室插入该管中。使用双臂可调夹具将装置垂直固定。将上部腔室垂直安装，并连接冲击管。将冲击管与电刺激器连接，以产生电刺激。使用预冷的冰块固定三至四日龄的果蝇，并在实验前24小时将其转移至含有食物的独立小瓶中。按照文稿中所述方法为所有小瓶编号。通过吸气，轻轻将一只果蝇吸入口腔吸管中。将果蝇轻轻吹入装载区，立即启动一分钟计时器和秒表。打开刺激器，当果蝇进入电击管时给予电击。按下秒表记录第一次反应潜伏期。如果果蝇重新进入电击管，则给予额外电击。使用计数器或基于Arduino的计数装置，记录一分钟试验期间的电击次数。在一分钟试验结束时，轻柔地将果蝇转移回试剂瓶中。记录潜伏期、接受电击的次数以及任何显著的行为变化。使用70%乙醇清洁下方区域和电击室，用无尘清洁纸巾擦拭，并用吹风机吹干。用下一只果蝇重复实验。实验结束后，用水和无味清洁剂清洗下部区域。使用70%乙醇擦拭下部区域和电击区域，并过夜风干。在24小时后重复上述过程，进行第二次试验。以相似的顺序测试果蝇。在对黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）雄性果蝇进行被动回避实验后，结果显示，果蝇进入上层区域的潜伏期延长，遭受电击的次数减少，表明果蝇已学会将上层区域与电击关联起来。频率分布显示，在第一次实验中，大多数果蝇会进入上部区域并受到一到三次电击。到第四次实验时，大多数果蝇不再进入上部区域，且未受到电击。在后续实验中，实验时长被缩短至1分钟，因为潜伏期的频率分布明确表明：若果蝇在第一次实验中60秒内未进入上部区域，则通常将不再进入。在拟果蝇（Drosophila simulans）的雄性和雌性果蝇中重复进行了被动回避实验。结果表明，雄性和雌性果蝇均能有效学习被动回避行为，这从其在潜伏期和电击次数频率分布上的变化可以明显看出。对雄性和雌性果蝇的潜伏期及电击次数进行比较，未发现任何具有统计学意义的差异。然而，雌性果蝇在每次实验中受到的电击略多。对第二次和第三次实验中理毛行为片段的分析显示，雌性果蝇从第一次到第三次实验的总理毛时间显著减少。这表明果蝇经历了行为上的应激反应，类似于啮齿类动物的焦虑样行为。比较西方饮食与飞行锻炼对被动回避行为的影响，结果显示西方饮食会降低果蝇的潜伏期并增加电击次数，表明西方饮食会损害果蝇的厌恶性关联学习能力。相反，飞行锻炼可缓解西方饮食的负面影响。在实施该实验操作时，请注意避免使果蝇受到应激。处于应激状态的果蝇会过快地进入上层区域，或完全不进入。所有实验应在相同的环境条件下，并于每天的同一时间进行。该技术为研究人员提供了一种新的简易检测方法，可用于解析果蝇学习与记忆巩固的内在机制。

drosophila-passive-avoidance-behavior-as-new-paradigm-to-study

Research

科研

JoVE Journal

Behavior

行为

果蝇 被动回避行为作为研究联想性厌恶学习的新范式

用于测量运动功能、学习和记忆能力的行为学实验 果蝇.

评估运动、学习和记忆功能障碍 果蝇 神经退行性疾病模型

Drosophila 幼虫的趋性关联性嗅觉学习

本视频介绍了一种经典的条件化检测方法，用于测试学习与记忆能力...

Drosophila 求偶条件化：一种检测果蝇学习与记忆能力的方法

攻击行为是一种先天性行为，先前的打斗经历会影响果蝇后续争斗中的战斗策略和结果。本视频介绍了一种用于研究黑腹果蝇（Drosophila）攻击行为的实验方法。示例实验方案采用了一种无需直接接触果蝇的操作装置，从而避免了对动物的机械处理，减少了动物应激反应，而这种应激可能会影响实验对象的行为表现。...

Drosophila 攻击行为检测：一种检测果蝇行为可塑性的方法

介绍了测量成年Drosophila关联记忆的方法。该检测基于果蝇将某种气味与负面强化刺激（电击）相关联的能力，并能在后续时间回忆该信息，从而实现对记忆的测量。...

Drosophila 成年果蝇嗅觉休克学习

本文介绍了一种用于量化受胁迫个体回避行为的实验方案。该范式具有强大功能且操作简便，可用于评估基因和环境对黑腹果蝇（Drosophila...

社会回避定量检测的简易实验方法 黑腹果蝇

在果蝇争斗过程中，所观察到的行为模式、争斗动态以及相关的学习与记忆均受到实验条件的影响。本文介绍了一种全新的实验方案，该方案完全消除了实验过程中对果蝇的人工操作。这不仅改善了争斗的动态过程，还有助于形成显著的"失败者"效应。...

一种无需操作即可研究攻击行为及“失败者效应”的新方法 Drosophila melanogaster

本方案描述了一种名为求偶条件化的行为学实验，用于研究黑腹果蝇（Drosophila）的学习与记忆能力。该经典实验基于雄性果蝇在被不接受交配的已交配雌蝇拒绝后，其求偶行为会减弱的自然现象。这种天然的行为可塑性可用于检测学习能力、短期记忆和长期记忆。...

Drosophila 求偶条件化作为学习与记忆的检测指标

本文介绍了一种可在果蝇（Drosophila）学习与记忆过程中可视化突触前和/或突触后钙信号的实验方案。该方法结合了定位于突触的钙离子传感器进行活体钙成像，并采用经典的嗅觉条件化范式，从而能够揭示此类联想学习背后的突触可塑性机制。...

在体光学钙成像观察学习诱导的突触可塑性在 Drosophila melanogaster 中的研究

自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）与社交和沟通行为受损以及重复性行为的出现相关。本文描述了在黑腹果蝇（Drosophila）模型中研究ASD相关基因与行为缺陷之间相互关系的五种行为范式，用于检测社会间距、攻击性、求偶、理毛以及习惯化行为。...

自闭症谱系障碍的Drosophila模型中的行为评估范式

研究学习和记忆等认知过程中细胞活动的一个重要障碍是使用麻醉剂 体内 成像前准备。麻醉在多种模型中会损害短期记忆和认知功能，包括 果蝇 本研究介绍了一种制备成年 果蝇 用于 体内 无麻醉成像...

在活体成像未麻醉的果蝇成虫中的神经活动

学习果蝇被动回避行为实验方法，用于研究联想性厌恶学习与记忆巩固机制。该方案利用电击抑制负趋地性，可探究遗传、药理及饮食干预对学习记忆的影响，为神经科学研究提供简便可重复的技术平台。

Drosophila 被动回避行为作为研究关联性厌恶学习的新范式

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