Environmental Virus Monitoring
Environmental Virus Monitoring - Related Videos
09:57
Quantifying Environmental Microorganisms and Viruses Using qPCR
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2023
Source: Laboratories of Dr. Ian Pepper and Dr. Charles Gerba - The University of Arizona Demonstrating Author: Bradley Schmitz Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), also known as real-time PCR, is a widely-used molecular technique for enumerating microorganisms in the environment. Prior to this approach, quantifying microorganisms was limited largely to classical culture-based techniques. However, the culturing of microbes from environmental samples can be particularly challenging, and...
08:01
Environmental Sampling of Photosynthetic Microbes and Their Viruses: From Field to Lab
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2025
Here, we describe methods of sampling from the euphotic zones of marine and freshwater ecosystems to isolate cyanophages (and their hosts) and post-sampling processes that enrich single genotypes and characterize virus-host interaction dynamics.
03:25
Amoeba-Based Enrichment of Giant Viruses from an Environmental Water Sample
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2026
Source: Bou Khalil, J. Y.,et al. A Rapid Strategy for the Isolation of New Faustoviruses from Environmental Samples Using Vermamoeba vermiformis. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the enrichment of giant viruses from an environmental water sample using amoeba-based co-culture to enable downstream detection and analysis.
09:17
Detection of Bacteriophages in Environmental Samples
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2023
Source: Laboratories of Dr. Ian Pepper and Dr. Charles Gerba - The University of Arizona Demonstrating Author: Alex Wassimi Viruses are a unique group of biological entities that infect both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. They are obligate parasites that have no metabolic capacity, and in order to replicate, rely on host metabolism to produce viral parts that self-assemble inside host cells. Viruses are ultramicroscopic—too small to be viewed with the light microscope, visible only with...
09:35
Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
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Cited by 2 •
2017
Here we describe a newly developed hepatitis B virus (HBV) reporter system to monitor the early stages of the HBV life cycle. This simplified in vitro system will aid in the screening of anti-HBV agents using a high-throughput strategy.
FAQs
Each stage addresses a different part of the measurement challenge. Sampling captures material from a selected environment, concentration increases the recoverable viral material, and nucleic acid extraction prepares genetic material for analysis. PCR or sequencing then identifies viral targets. Combining these steps links environmental conditions to measurable molecular evidence and supports consistent tracking across samples.
PCR provides a molecular assay for detecting specified viral targets, making it useful when monitoring focuses on known viruses. Sequencing supplies a different form of molecular information by examining genetic material to identify viral targets. Selecting between these approaches depends on whether the monitoring objective emphasizes targeted detection or broader genetic characterization.
Environmental Virus Monitoring can examine wastewater, surface water, soil, or air, and each setting represents a different pathway through which viral material may be encountered. The chosen matrix therefore shapes what the sample reflects. Matching the sampling setting to the research question helps connect measured viral signals with contamination assessment, disease circulation, or environmental persistence.
A single measurement provides limited information about how viral material is changing. Repeated monitoring can reveal trends, which may provide early signals of disease circulation or indicate whether viral material remains environmentally persistent. In this way, temporal patterns support surveillance decisions and help researchers evaluate whether observed signals are changing rather than isolated findings.
A typical workflow begins by collecting samples from a relevant environmental setting, followed by concentrating viral material and extracting nucleic acids. Researchers then apply a molecular assay, such as PCR or sequencing, to identify and measure viral targets. The resulting data can be compared across locations or sampling times to support surveillance, contamination assessment, or treatment evaluation.
Wastewater-based epidemiology uses viral signals measured in wastewater to support surveillance of disease circulation. Rather than relying only on individual clinical observations, it examines a shared environmental stream that can be sampled repeatedly. This approach can provide early indications of changing circulation and offers a bioengineering context for developing sampling, concentration, and molecular-analysis systems.
Measurements collected before and after an environmental treatment process can help assess how viral signals change across that process. Comparing these results supports evaluation of treatment performance, although interpretation depends on using appropriate samples and consistent molecular analysis. The findings can guide improvements to treatment technologies and inform designs intended to protect environmental and public health.
Monitoring results can guide the design of biosensors, filtration systems, and other technologies for environmental and public health protection. Molecular measurements identify which viral targets a system must detect, remove, or track. This connection allows bioengineers to relate environmental surveillance needs to device performance, treatment design, and technologies intended for contamination assessment or viral surveillance.