Asymmetry Effect
Asymmetry Effect - Related Videos
01:19
Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters
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2023
Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry. Flippase Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...
05:02
Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction
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Cited by 3 •
2019
A new rehabilitation method is presented for rebalancing the vestibular system in patients with asymmetric responses, which consists of unidirectional rotations toward the weaker side. By directly modifying the vestibular pathway rather than enhancing the multisensory aspects of compensation, asymmetry can be normalized within 1-2 sessions and show lasting effects.
08:19
Asymmetric Walkway: A Novel Behavioral Assay for Studying Asymmetric Locomotion
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Cited by 4 •
2016
Here, we present a protocol to quantify precise stepping in rodents. Cortical and the spinal central pattern generator signals are required for precise foot-placement during obstructed locomotion. We report here the novel constrained walking task that directly examines precise stepping behavior.
10:42
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Particle-bound Bet v 1 Allergen in PM10
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Cited by 8 •
2016
Here, we present a protocol to quantify allergen-loaded particles by flow cytometry. Ambient particulate matter particles may act as carriers of adsorbed allergens. We show here that flow cytometry, a method widely used to characterize suspended solids >0.5 µm in diameter, can be used to measure these allergen-loaded particles.
08:14
Modeling Stroke in Mice: Permanent Coagulation of the Distal Middle Cerebral Artery
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Cited by 104 •
2014
Various murine models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) are widely used in experimental brain research. Here, we demonstrate the model of transcranial permanent distal MCAO which produces consistent cortical infarction of a size corresponding to damage imposed by the majority of human ischemic strokes.
FAQs
When an ion begins to migrate, its oppositely charged ionic atmosphere does not immediately follow the new position. This lag leaves the atmosphere displaced behind the ion, and the resulting relaxation field acts against the ion’s motion. That opposing contribution lowers the effective transport response relative to a situation in which the atmosphere could reorganize without delay.
The asymmetry effect is especially relevant when ionic interactions make solution behavior nonideal, particularly in concentrated electrolyte systems. Under these conditions, the surrounding ionic atmosphere does not provide a simple, static environment for migration. Accounting for this contribution helps connect observed transport behavior with the interacting solution rather than treating ion mobility as determined only by charge and size.
Charge and size provide useful starting expectations for ion mobility, but they do not fully capture the influence of a displaced ionic atmosphere. The relaxation field generated by that displacement opposes motion, so observed mobility can differ from a prediction based only on those two properties. This distinction is central to interpreting conductivity when ionic interactions contribute to transport.
A useful conductance interpretation begins with the measured conductivity and then considers the ionic atmosphere correction associated with ion transport. The asymmetry contribution is relevant because the displaced atmosphere creates a relaxation field that opposes migration. Including this effect helps explain why measured conductance may differ from predictions based only on simple ion properties such as charge and size.
It helps interpret whether observed ionic transport reflects nonideal interactions within the electrolyte solution. In particular, the effect links conductance behavior to the ionic atmosphere correction, so conductivity data can be considered alongside the way ions and their surrounding charges influence one another. This perspective is useful when analyzing transport in concentrated or interacting electrolyte systems.
Within chemistry, the concept connects microscopic ion motion with conductance measurements. The relaxation field supplies a mechanistic explanation for part of the difference between mobility expectations and measured transport behavior. Consequently, it is relevant to studies of ion transport and to interpreting nonideal electrolyte behavior, rather than being considered only through an ion’s charge and size.