Name: using snp patterns to link disease risk
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:14:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 11 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Arizona Science Standards

High School

Life Science

HS.L3

HS.L3U3.26

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

A veces, los SNP dentro de un bloque de haplotipos pueden ayudar a encontrar un gen responsable de ciertas enfermedades, como la hemofilia. Para rastrear estos genes, los investigadores pueden realizar estudios poblacionales.
Por ejemplo, los estudios de asociación de genoma completo, o GWAS, se llevan a cabo para asociar variaciones genéticas específicas con una enfermedad.
En este enfoque, los investigadores utilizan dos grandes grupos de estudio: personas con la enfermedad de interés y un grupo similar de personas sin la enfermedad.
Las muestras de ADN de cada participante del estudio se aíslan y secuencian antes de que los genomas se escaneen en busca de SNP.
Si ciertos SNP aparecen con más frecuencia en individuos con la enfermedad en comparación con los individuos sanos, entonces se dice que esos SNP están asociados con la enfermedad.
Si bien es posible que estos SNP estén causando la afección, es más probable que sean parte de un bloque de haplotipo que puede contener la variante causal.

<ol>
	<li>McAllister, Kate, Stephen Eyre y Gisela Orozco. "Genética de la artritis reumatoide: GWAS y más allá". Reumatología de acceso abierto: investigación y revisiones 3 (2011): 31.</li>
	<li>Bush, William S. y Jason H. Moore. "Estudios de asociación de todo el genoma". PLoS Comput Biol 8, no. 12 (2012): e1002822.</li>
</ol>

estudios de asociación de todo el genoma-gwas

Los estudios de asociación de todo el genoma o GWAS se utilizan para identificar si los SNP comunes están asociados con determinadas enfermedades. Supongamos que se observan SNP específicos con más frecuencia en individuos con una enfermedad particular que en aquellos que no la padecen. En ese caso, se dice que esos SNP están asociados con la enfermedad. Se realiza un análisis de chi-cuadrado para comprobar la probabilidad del alelo que probablemente esté asociado con la enfermedad.

GWAS no requiere la identificación del gen diana implicado en el fenotipo de la enfermedad. Identifica el SNP asociado con la enfermedad y ayuda a identificar a los individuos en riesgo. Este método simplifica la identificación del gen objetivo, que requiere mucho tiempo y no es precisa en muchos casos. Se utilizó GWAS para identificar SNP asociados con un mayor riesgo de infarto de miocardio. GWAS también ha identificado SNP asociados con la diabetes tipo 2, la enfermedad de Parkinson, otros trastornos cardíacos, la obesidad, la enfermedad de Crohn y el cáncer de próstata.

Estudios de asociación de todo el genoma-GWAS

Los estudios de asociación de todo el genoma (GWA, por sus siglas en inglés) se utilizan para identificar si los SNP comunes están asociados con ciertas enfermedades. Supongamos que los SNP específicos son más ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Molecular Biology

Biología Molecular

Unit 2

Unidad 2

Analyzing Gene Expression and Function

Análisis de la expresión y función génica

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

using snp patterns to link disease risk

Genome-wide association studies, or GWAS, look for common SNPs, or single nucleotide polymorphisms, that may be linked to disease. Researchers compare how often a SNP appears in people with a disease and in people without it. When a SNP is seen more often in the disease group, it is considered associated with that disease.

GWAS uses chi-square analysis to test the chance that an allele is linked to the disease. This approach does not require scientists to first find the target gene behind the disease trait. Instead, it helps point to the SNP tied to risk and can help identify individuals who may be at higher risk.

This method can make gene finding easier, since searching for the target gene can take a long time and may not be accurate in many cases. GWAS has been used to find SNPs linked to an increased risk of myocardial infarction. It has also identified SNPs associated with type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, other heart disorders, obesity, Crohn's disease, and prostate cancer.

Using SNP Patterns to Link Disease Risk

in vitro mutagenesis

In Vitro Mutagenesis for Gene Analysis

In vitro mutagenesis is a lab method used to change DNA and study gene function. It helps scientists test how specific DNA changes affect a gene’s activity and the traits it controls. A common approach is to make a known change in a DNA sequence and then examine the result. This can be done by deleting, inserting, or altering selected bases in a gene. The method is useful for linking a DNA change to a biological effect. Researchers use in vitro mutagenesis in molecular biology, genetics, and...

genetic screens

Using Genetic Screens to Find Disease Genes

Genetic screens are tools used to find genes and mutations linked to specific traits. They are also used to identify people or groups at risk for genetic diseases. That can support early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive choices. Forward genetic screens, also called classical screens, start with random DNA changes in an organism. Researchers may use radiation, mutagens, or added bases to create mutations that lead to visible phenotype changes. The mutant is then inbred so...

test cross

Test Cross in Genetic Inheritance

A test cross is a genetics tool used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant trait. It helps reveal whether the dominant individual is homozygous or heterozygous by crossing it with a recessive individual. The outcome of the cross shows the hidden genotype. If any offspring show the recessive trait, the dominant parent must carry one recessive allele. If all offspring show the dominant trait, the dominant parent is likely homozygous dominant. Test crosses are common in basic...

complementation tests

Using Crosses to Group Mutations

A complementation test uses a simple cross to find out whether two mutations are in the same gene or in different genes. It helps show how mutations are arranged on chromosomes. Edward Lewis first performed this test in the 1940s while studying fruit flies. To do the test, organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If the mutations are in different genes, they can complement each other. In that case, each mutation provides the missing genetic...

single nucleotide polymorphisms-snps

SNPs as Genetic Markers and Variants

Single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, are small DNA changes at one specific genomic position. They are the most common type of sequence variation in the human genome. A point mutation counts as an SNP when it appears in more than 1% of the population.

bacterial transformation

Bacterial Transformation in the Lab

Bacterial transformation is a lab method used to move new DNA into bacteria. Scientists use it to change how bacteria behave or to help them carry a gene of interest. In high school biology, this process is often shown with plasmids, which are small circular DNA molecules. During transformation, bacteria take up DNA from their surroundings. The new DNA can then be used by the cell, depending on the experiment. This technique is an important part of genetic engineering and is widely used in...

transgenic organisms

Making Transgenic Organisms

Transgenic organisms are living things with DNA added from another organism. A transgene is the inserted gene. Scientists use this method to change an organism’s traits and to study how genes work. To make a transgenic organism, researchers first identify the gene they want to add. They then place that gene into the target organism’s DNA. Once the gene is integrated, the organism can pass it to new cells as it grows. This approach is useful in biology because it helps scientists analyze gene...

reproductive cloning

Cloning an Organism by Reproduction

Reproductive cloning creates a new organism that is genetically the same as the donor. It is different from cloning genes or cells because the goal is to make a whole living individual. This process usually relies on somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this method, the nucleus from a body cell is placed into an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed. The egg can then develop into an embryo with DNA from the donor cell. Reproductive cloning is used to produce a copy of an organism, such...

crispr

CRISPR Gene Editing Basics

CRISPR is a gene editing tool that helps scientists make targeted changes to DNA. It uses a guide system to find a chosen sequence and a cutting protein to act at that spot. This method is based on a natural defense system found in bacteria. In high school biology, it is often studied as a way to see how genes can be edited with precision. CRISPR is widely used in molecular biology research. It helps scientists explore how genes function and how DNA changes can affect living things.

experimental rnai

RNAi for Gene Silencing and Discovery

RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene-silencing process used to reduce gene expression. It can block transcription or trigger RNA degradation. Scientists first discovered this mechanism in plants in 1998 through Andrew Fire and Craig Mello. RNAi has since been found in many eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. Researchers use it as a practical tool to study gene function. It can show what a gene does without permanently changing the organism’s DNA. <br...

reporter genes

Reporter Genes in Cells and Plasmids

Reporter genes are protein-coding genes used to track gene activity in cells. They are often tagged to a gene of interest so scientists can see whether that gene is present or active. When the tagged genes are expressed together, reporter genes can produce visible signals such as fluorescence or luminescence. These signals help show the presence or absence of a gene of interest in an organism. They can also reveal the pattern of gene expression or the location of a DNA segment or protein...

in-situ hybridization

ISH Probes for DNA and RNA Detection

In situ hybridization (ISH) uses labeled probes to detect and localize specific DNA or RNA molecules in cells, tissues, or tissue sections. The probe is a complementary strand of DNA or RNA that binds to a matching nucleotide sequence in the sample. Since its first use in 1969 for nucleic acid studies, ISH has become an important tool in research and in clinical diagnosis. Several probe types can be used in ISH. These include single-stranded DNA probes, double-stranded DNA probes, antisense...

chromatin immunoprecipitation- chip

ChIP Methods for DNA-Protein Binding

Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based method for finding where proteins bind to DNA. It is used to identify DNA sites bound by transcription factors or histone proteins. ChIP also helps show which histone changes are present, including acetylation, phosphorylation, and methylation. ChIP is commonly divided into two forms: X-ChIP and N-ChIP. X-ChIP first cross-links proteins to DNA inside the cell, then breaks the DNA into pieces by sonication. The protein-DNA complexes...

synthetic biology

Synthetic Biology in Crops and Cells

Synthetic biology combines engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology to redesign living systems. Scientists use it to remodel organisms from nature or to build new synthetic organisms. These tools can support protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, the production of useful macromolecules, and the addition of helpful traits to crops. One well-known example is golden rice. This genetically modified rice plant makes grains rich in β-carotene, which is a precursor of...

ribosome profiling

Ribosome Profiling for Translation Snapshot

Ribosome profiling is a deep sequencing method that gives a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes. This shows which messages are being read to make proteins at a specific moment. The method has several uses in biology. It can track translation in a living organ or tissue type. It also helps measure new protein synthesis levels. Researchers use it to find translated open reading frames, which are stretches of RNA that can make protein. It can...

transgenic plants

Transgenic Plants for Better Crops

Transgenic plants are crops that have been changed with recombinant DNA technology, also called transgenesis. This method adds a foreign gene or removes a harmful one from an organism. The result is a genetically modified organism. The first transgenic plant was a tobacco plant made in 1983, and it was resistant to tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, transgenic plants have been developed for many uses in agriculture, horticulture, and ornamental plants. Some are designed to resist pests or...

gene therapy

Gene Therapy for Disease Treatment

Gene therapy is a treatment approach that changes gene activity to help address disease. It focuses on the genetic cause of a problem rather than only easing symptoms. In this way, it is used in disease intervention. One common strategy is to replace a faulty gene with a normal copy. Another strategy is to inactivate a gene that is causing harm. Gene therapy can also introduce a new gene to help cells work more normally.

epistasis analysis

Gene Interaction Maps in Epistasis

Gene interaction maps in epistasis show how different genes work together to shape a phenotype. In epistasis, the interaction of genes or alleles at different locations affects the final trait. This often happens when one gene masks or interferes with the expression of another gene. Epistasis is common when genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. In that case, the expression of one gene can depend on a gene product made earlier in the pathway. Genes that mask or inhibit other genes in...

genome-wide association studies-gwas

Genome-wide association studies, or GWAS, look for common SNPs, or single nucleotide polymorphisms, that may be linked to disease. Researchers compare how often a SNP appears in people with a disease and in people without it. When a SNP is seen more often in the disease group, it is considered associated with that disease. GWAS uses chi-square analysis to test the chance that an allele is linked to the disease. This approach does not require scientists to first find the target gene behind the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how GWAS compares SNP patterns between people with and without disease to find genetic links to risk, using chi-square analysis and real disease examples.

Using SNP Patterns to Link Disease Risk | JoVE K12

molecular biology

JoVE Core Biología Molecular presenta los procesos moleculares de la célula a través de lecciones claras y concisas de animaciones audiovisuales. Además, en los vídeos de científicos en acción, se muestran aplicaciones de estos conceptos mediante experimentos reales en laboratorios especializados.

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Meiosis is the process by which diploid cells divide to produce haploid daughter cells. In humans, each diploid cell contains 46 chromosomes, half from ...

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to ...

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This ...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of ...

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from ...

Construct an explanation of how the process of sexual reproduction contributes to genetic variation.

HS.L3U1.24

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations ...

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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the causes and implications of DNA mutation.

HS.L3U1.25

An Overview of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering &#8211; the process of purposefully altering an organism&#8217;s DNA &#8211; has been used to create powerful research tools and model ...

Recombineering and Gene Targeting

One of the most widely used tools in modern biology is molecular cloning with restriction enzymes, which create compatible ends between DNA fragments that ...

Genome Editing

A well-established technique for modifying specific sequences in the genome is gene targeting by homologous recombination, but this method can be ...

Molecular Cloning

Molecular cloning is a set of methods, which are used to insert recombinant DNA into a vector - a carrier of DNA molecules that will replicate recombinant ...

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at ...

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their ...

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and ...

RNA-seq

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Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base ...

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent ...

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more ...

Transgenic Organisms

Reproductive Cloning

CRISPR

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. ...

Transgenic Plants

Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically ...

Gene Therapy

Testing For Genetically Modified Foods

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Genetic modification of foods has been a controversial issue due to debated ...

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not ...

Engage in argument from evidence regarding the ethical, social, economic, and/or political implications of a current genetic technology.

Using SNP Patterns to Link Disease Risk

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