Name: how alleles shape inherited traits
Uploaded: 2024-08-29T22:13:37.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Arizona Science Standards

High School

Life Science

HS+B.L3

HS+B.L3U1.10

Genetic Variation

La variación genética se deriva de las diferencias en las secuencias de ADN entre individuos, que son esenciales para la adaptación y evolución de las especies.
Las variaciones genéticas se originan cuando los ovarios producen óvulos y los testículos producen espermatozoides a través de un proceso llamado meiosis.
Los ovarios liberan óvulos que potencialmente pueden fertilizarse con espermatozoides a medida que viajan a través de las trompas de Falopio hasta el útero.
Cada óvulo y espermatozoide aporta 23 cromosomas, que son secuencias de ADN que codifican genes.
Los alelos son las diferentes versiones de estos genes que influyen en rasgos específicos. Por ejemplo, el gen que determina el color de los ojos tiene varios alelos, como los de los ojos azules o marrones.
La fertilización da como resultado un cigoto con 46 cromosomas, que combina material genético de ambos padres.
Los individuos con dos alelos idénticos para un gen se denominan homocigotos, mientras que los que tienen dos alelos diferentes son heterocigotos.
Por ejemplo, los individuos con dos alelos mutados de un gen de globina desarrollan un trastorno genético llamado anemia de células falciformes, mientras que los individuos heterocigotos que portan un alelo sano y otro mutado no presentan síntomas graves de la enfermedad.

variación genética

La variación genética es la diversidad de secuencias de ADN que se encuentran entre individuos de la misma especie. Esta diversidad es crucial para la supervivencia de una especie porque ayuda a los organismos a adaptarse a los cambios ambientales. La variación genética comienza con la fertilización, cuando un óvulo y un espermatozoide se fusionan. Cada una de estas células lleva 23 cromosomas, hasta 46 en el óvulo fertilizado. Los cromosomas son largas cadenas de ADN que contienen genes, las unidades básicas de la herencia. 

Los genes existen en diferentes versiones llamadas alelos, que pueden influir en varios rasgos, como el color del cabello y de los ojos, o incluso el riesgo de ciertas enfermedades. La mezcla específica de alelos heredados de ambos padres crea un conjunto único de instrucciones genéticas, que dan forma a la apariencia física y las características de salud de la descendencia, denominadas fenotipos. 

El genotipo es la composición genética específica de un individuo, determinada por los alelos recibidos de ambos padres. Esta combinación genética afecta la forma en que se expresan los rasgos. Por ejemplo, el color de los ojos está influenciado por los alelos para el color de ojos que aporta cada padre. Si ambos padres aportan un alelo recesivo para los ojos azules, es probable que su hijo tenga ojos azules. Por el contrario, si un alelo es para ojos marrones y el otro para ojos azules, suele prevalecer el alelo marrón dominante, lo que da como resultado ojos marrones para el niño. 

Los términos homocigoto y heterocigoto describen si los dos alelos de un gen en particular son iguales o diferentes. Ser homocigoto significa que ambos alelos son idénticos, mientras que heterocigoto significa que son diferentes. Esta distinción puede afectar significativamente la salud de una persona. Por ejemplo, la anemia de células falciformes es una afección en la que las personas con dos alelos recesivos para el gen de la hemoglobina padecen la enfermedad. Sin embargo, aquellos que son heterocigotos, es decir, portadores de un alelo normal y uno de células falciformes, no muestran síntomas de la enfermedad pero tienen una ventaja protectora contra la malaria, lo cual es beneficioso en áreas donde la malaria es común.

Variación genética

La variación genética se deriva de las diferencias en las secuencias de ADN entre individuos, que son esenciales para la adaptación y evolución de las especies.
Variaciones genéticas ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Introduction to Psychology

Introducción a la Psicología

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Biopsychology

Biopsicología

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

how alleles shape inherited traits

Genetic variation helps explain why individuals in the same species can look and act differently. It comes from differences in DNA sequences. This diversity matters because it helps a species survive and adapt when the environment changes.

Variation starts at fertilization, when an egg and sperm cell join. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, so the fertilized egg can have up to 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, which are the basic units of heredity.

Genes can appear in different versions called alleles. These alleles can affect traits such as hair and eye color. They can also influence the risk of certain diseases. The combination of alleles inherited from both parents creates a unique set of genetic instructions. These instructions shape an offspring’s physical appearance and health traits, which are called the phenotype.

An individual’s genotype is the specific genetic makeup they inherit from both parents. Genotype affects how traits are expressed. For example, eye color depends on the alleles each parent contributes. If both parents pass on a recessive allele for blue eyes, the child is likely to have blue eyes. If one allele is for brown eyes and the other is for blue eyes, the dominant brown allele usually leads to brown eyes.

The terms homozygous and heterozygous describe whether the two alleles for a gene are the same or different. Homozygous means both alleles are identical. Heterozygous means the alleles are different. This difference can affect health. People with two recessive alleles for the hemoglobin gene can have sickle cell anemia. People with one normal allele and one sickle cell allele do not show symptoms, but they have a protective advantage against malaria. This advantage is helpful in areas where malaria is common.

How Alleles Shape Inherited Traits

introduction to biological bases of psychology

introduction-to-biological-bases-of-psychology

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somatosensory-motor-and-association-cortex

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heritability

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key terms and concepts

Learn how alleles, genotype, and phenotype work together to shape inherited traits, from eye color to sickle cell anemia and malaria protection.

How Alleles Shape Inherited Traits | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology offers an engaging learning experience on the fundamental principles of psychology through concise video lessons. Students will explore important topics such as cognitive processes, emotional regulation, and neural mechanisms, establishing a strong foundation in the study of the mind and human behavior. This series provides an accessible and captivating approach to grasp the essential concepts of the discipline.

introduction to psychology

Next Generation Science Standards

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-2

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.15

SC.912.L.15.15

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.17

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-1.

What is Population Genetics?

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Hardy-Weinberg Principle

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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

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Genetic variation stems from differences in DNA sequences among individuals, which are essential for species adaptation and evolution.
Genetic variations ...

Heritability

Heritability measures the genetic influence on traits or physical characteristics such as height or eye color.
Heritability can vary depending on the ...

Natural Selection and Adaptation

Natural selection drives evolution by supporting organisms that are best adapted to their environments, enhancing their survival and reproduction rates.
...

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

The principle of natural selection suggests that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Evolutionary ...

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the variation that occurs through meiosis and calculate the distribution of expressed traits in a population.

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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The DNA Helix

Overview

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most ...

DNA Packaging

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. In order to fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotes must pack their DNA tightly inside ...

Organization of Genes

Overview

The genomes of eukaryotes can be structured in several functional categories. A strand of DNA is comprised of genes and intergenic regions. ...

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by ...

RNA Structure

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

RNA Stability

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Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs ...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns&mdash;non-coding regions of a gene&mdash;or intergenic regions&mdash;stretches of DNA ...

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene ...

Translation

Lesson: Translation
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Bacterial Transformation

In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two ...

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA&nbsp;directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene ...

The Central Dogma

Overview

The central dogma of biology states that information encoded in the DNA is transferred to messenger RNA (mRNA), which then directs the synthesis ...

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of ...

Construct an explanation for how the structure of DNA and RNA determine the structure of proteins that perform essential life functions.

HS+B.L3U1.11

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations ...

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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is ...

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a ...

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was ...

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of ...

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new ...

Analyze and interpret data on how mutations can lead to increased genetic variation in a population.

HS+B.L3U1.12

How Alleles Shape Inherited Traits

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