Name: how environment shapes gene expression
Uploaded: 2024-10-24T14:03:06.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.6

Gene-Environment Interactions

La expresión génica está influenciada por factores ambientales como la radiación, la temperatura, el comportamiento, la nutrición y el estrés.
El rango de reacción sugiere que los genes establecen límites potenciales para los rasgos físicos, mientras que las condiciones ambientales dan forma a los resultados reales dentro de esos límites. Por ejemplo, la genética podría establecer un rango de altura potencial, como 5'5" a 6'1", para un individuo. Sin embargo, factores ambientales como la nutrición y el cuidado de la salud determinan la altura real alcanzada dentro de este rango.
La correlación genético-ambiental pone de manifiesto la influencia bidireccional entre los genes y el medio ambiente, donde cada uno influye y responde al otro. Por ejemplo, un niño con una predisposición genética a la lectura puede mostrar un interés temprano en los libros, lo que lleva a los padres y maestros a proporcionar más libros y apoyo.
En epigenética, los investigadores exploran cómo genotipos idénticos pueden dar lugar a fenotipos diversos. Los gemelos idénticos, por ejemplo, tienen los mismos genes, pero pueden exhibir diferencias significativas en comportamientos y procesos mentales, como la competencia musical o los hábitos de lectura, según el entorno y las experiencias de la vida.

interacciones entre genes y ambiente

La expresión genética es un proceso dinámico que se ve influido significativamente por factores ambientales. Esta interacción subyace a la naturaleza compleja del desarrollo biológico y a las diferencias fenotípicas observadas entre individuos, incluso entre aquellos con una composición genética idéntica. Factores como la radiación, la temperatura, el comportamiento, la nutrición y el estrés desempeñan un papel fundamental en la determinación de cómo se expresan los genes. El concepto de rango de reacción es fundamental para comprender esta interacción. Postula que, si bien la genética establece los límites potenciales (como un rango de altura de 165 cm a 185 cm), las influencias ambientales determinan en qué punto dentro de estos límites se ubicarán los rasgos de un individuo.

La teoría del rango de reacción ilustra de manera eficaz que los genes establecen los límites dentro de los cuales operan los factores ambientales. Por ejemplo, si la genética determina un rango de altura posible para un individuo, los factores ambientales como la nutrición, la actividad física y la salud general durante los años de desarrollo influirán en el lugar dentro de ese rango en el que se ubicará la altura real del individuo. Esta teoría destaca el papel significativo del medio ambiente en la expresión del potencial genético.

Esta interacción se profundiza aún más a través de la correlación genético-ambiental, que subraya una relación bidireccional. Los genes pueden influir en la configuración de los rasgos individuales por parte del entorno y, a la inversa, las condiciones ambientales pueden afectar la expresión genética. Un ejemplo clásico de esto se observa en los niños con una inclinación genética hacia la lectura, que son más propensos a buscar libros. Esta conducta puede conducir a un mayor apoyo ambiental, como un mayor acceso a los libros y el estímulo de los padres y educadores, lo que, a su vez, promueve un mayor desarrollo de la habilidad de lectura.

En el campo de la epigenética, el enfoque se centra en cómo códigos genéticos idénticos pueden dar lugar a resultados muy diferentes. La epigenética estudia las modificaciones que no cambian la secuencia de ADN, pero que afectan a la actividad genética. Los gemelos idénticos, por ejemplo, comparten el mismo ADN, pero pueden presentar diferencias en los perfiles de expresión genética debido a distintas exposiciones ambientales y experiencias de vida. Estas diferencias pueden dar lugar a distintos resultados de salud y rasgos físicos entre gemelos, lo que pone de relieve el potente efecto de los factores ambientales.

Otro ejemplo ilustrativo es el de las habilidades musicales. Un niño con una predisposición genética para la música criado en un entorno rico en experiencias musicales tiene más probabilidades de desarrollar una mayor competencia musical que uno que no tenga esas oportunidades. Este escenario muestra no sólo el potencial de la genética, sino también el poderoso papel de la crianza para lograr y ampliar las posibilidades genéticas.

Interacciones entre genes y ambiente

La expresión génica está influenciada por factores ambientales como la radiación, la temperatura, el comportamiento, la nutrición y el estrés.
El rango de reacción sugiere ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Introduction to Psychology

Introducción a la Psicología

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Biopsychology

Biopsicología

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

how environment shapes gene expression

Environmental factors can change how genes are expressed. Gene expression is a dynamic process, and traits can differ even in people with the same DNA. Radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress all help shape the final outcome.

The reaction range helps explain this process. It means genes set a possible range for a trait, while the environment helps decide where a person falls within that range. For example, genetics may allow a height range from 5'5&quot; to 6'1&quot;, but nutrition, physical activity, and overall health during development can influence the final height.

Gene-environment correlation also plays a role. In this relationship, genes can influence the kind of environment a person seeks out, and the environment can then affect gene expression. A child with a genetic tendency toward reading may choose books more often, which can lead to more support, more access to books, and more encouragement from parents and teachers.

Epigenetics shows how the same DNA can lead to different results. It studies changes that do not alter the DNA sequence but still affect gene activity. Identical twins are a clear example because they share the same DNA, yet different environments and life experiences can lead to different gene expression patterns and different health or physical traits.

Musical ability also shows this interaction. A child with a genetic inclination for music may develop stronger skills when raised in an environment rich in musical experiences. This example shows that genetics can provide potential, but nurturing and experience can help shape how far that potential develops.

How Environment Shapes Gene Expression

introduction to biological bases of psychology

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Biopsychology connects biology and psychology by showing how the body influences behavior and mental processes. It focuses on the nervous system, neurotransmitters, hormones, genetics, and evolutionary ideas. Together, these areas help explain why people think, feel, and act the way they do. The nervous system is the main foundation of biopsychology. It has two parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and...

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gene-environment interactions

Environmental factors can change how genes are expressed. Gene expression is a dynamic process, and traits can differ even in people with the same DNA. Radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress all help shape the final outcome. The reaction range helps explain this process. It means genes set a possible range for a trait, while the environment helps decide where a person falls within that range. For example, genetics may allow a height range from 5'5" to 6'1", but nutrition,...

heritability

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key terms and concepts

Explore how nutrition, stress, behavior, and other environmental factors influence gene expression, reaction range, epigenetics, and trait development.

How Environment Shapes Gene Expression | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology offers an engaging learning experience on the fundamental principles of psychology through concise video lessons. Students will explore important topics such as cognitive processes, emotional regulation, and neural mechanisms, establishing a strong foundation in the study of the mind and human behavior. This series provides an accessible and captivating approach to grasp the essential concepts of the discipline.

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How Environment Shapes Gene Expression

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