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13:05
Ratiometric Imaging of Extracellular pH in Dental Biofilms
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Cited by 24 •
2016
A pH-sensitive ratiometric dye is used in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy and digital image analysis to monitor extracellular pH in dental biofilms in real-time.
02:36
Electromotive Force
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2020
Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one substance to...
09:44
Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
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Cited by 20 •
2011
We present a protocol for structural and compositional analysis of natural oral biofilm from orthodontic appliances with in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Oral biofilm samples were collected from palatal expanders, scraping acrylic-resin flakes off their surface and referring them for molecular processing.
11:34
Series and Parallel Resistors
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2023
Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN This experiment demonstrates how current is distributed in resistors connected in series or parallel, and thus describes how to calculate the total "effective" resistance. Using Ohm's law, it possible to convert between the voltage and current through a resistance, if the resistance is known. For two resistors connected in series, (meaning that they are wired one after the...
05:27
VR Nature Therapy: Embodiment and Emotional Regulation through Immersive Virtual Environments
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2026
Here, we present a protocol to investigate the effects of immersive 360-degree virtual reality nature exposures on mood and embodiment. Participants experience forest and marine environments in seated and standing postures, with assessments using standardized scales to evaluate therapeutic outcomes for mental health interventions.
FAQs
An appliance converts supplied electrical energy into a desired form, such as heat, mechanical motion, or cooling-related performance. Physics analysis follows the conversion from input power to useful work and identifies energy that does not directly serve the task. This perspective supports improvements in efficiency, reliability, and appliance design.
Heat transfer determines how quickly thermal energy moves into, out of, or within an appliance. Insulation can limit unwanted transfer, while temperature control helps maintain the intended thermal condition. These principles are especially relevant to ovens and refrigerators, where controlling heat movement affects performance, energy use, and consistency.
Electric circuits provide the pathways and conditions through which appliances receive and use electrical energy. Electromagnetic induction is another physics principle involved in appliance operation, connecting electrical behavior with electromagnetic effects. Examining these principles helps explain power delivery, component interaction, and the electrical safety considerations needed in household equipment.
Motor-driven motion changes electrical energy into mechanical movement that performs a household task. In a washing machine, motion supports cleaning activity, while in a vacuum cleaner it supports the device’s operating action. Physics also helps address associated noise, since mechanical movement and appliance design influence how quietly equipment operates.
A useful evaluation begins by identifying the energy input, the intended output, and the physical process connecting them. Researchers can then examine heat transfer, circuit behavior, motor-driven motion, temperature control, insulation, or electromagnetic effects as appropriate. Comparing useful performance with energy use reveals opportunities for greater efficiency and reliability.
The relevant physics depends on the task: thermal principles guide ovens and refrigerators, motor behavior supports washing machines and vacuum cleaners, and circuit analysis applies wherever electrical power is used. Designers can use these principles to improve efficiency, temperature control, insulation, noise reduction, and electrical safety across multiple appliance types.