Name: how the brain rewires itself
Uploaded: 2024-10-24T14:03:06.000Z
Duration: 1 min 1 s
Channel: JoVE

La neuroplasticité est une caractéristique inhérente du système nerveux qui se réorganise en créant de nouvelles connexions neuronales en réponse à des facteurs ou des stimuli, tels que l’apprentissage, l’expérience ou les blessures.
Les changements dans le réseau neuronal se produisent par le biais de quatre processus distincts.
La croissance des dendrites et des axones augmente la complexité structurelle du cerveau.
La synaptogenèse favorise de nouvelles connexions synaptiques, améliorant les voies de communication entre les neurones.
L’élagage élimine l’excès de neurones et de connexions, optimisant ainsi les réseaux neuronaux pour plus d’efficacité.
Enfin, la myélinisation améliore la transmission du signal, ce qui est crucial pour des activités cérébrales rapides et efficaces.
L'apprentissage de nouvelles compétences, telles que la formation musicale, élargit le réseau cérébral grâce à des connexions synaptiques supplémentaires et renforce celles qui existent déjà.

neuroplasticité

La neuroplasticité reflète la remarquable capacité du cerveau à s'adapter et à évoluer, en répondant de manière dynamique à l'apprentissage, aux expériences ou aux blessures, en réorganisant ses circuits neuronaux. Cette réorganisation implique la création de nouvelles connexions neuronales et le réaffinement des anciennes par une série de processus biologiques qui contribuent au développement et à l'adaptabilité du cerveau tout au long de la vie.

<ul style="list-style-type: disc; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; padding: 0 0 0 40px;">
 <li>La capacité du cerveau à changer commence par la croissance des dendrites et des axones, ce qui augmente la complexité de ses circuits neuronaux.
 </li>
 <li>Cette croissance facilite l'expansion du réseau neuronal, permettant une connectivité étendue et une amélioration des capacités cognitives.
 </li>
 <li>Ensuite, la synaptogenèse se produit, établissant de nouvelles connexions synaptiques qui améliorent les voies de communication entre les neurones.
 </li>
 <li>Ces connexions sont cruciales pour la transmission de signaux électriques et chimiques à travers le cerveau, ce qui conduit à une amélioration des fonctions et des capacités d'apprentissage.
 </li>
</ul>
À mesure que le cerveau se développe et s'adapte, toutes les connexions neuronales ne restent pas bénéfiques ou nécessaires. C'est là qu'entre en jeu le processus d'élagage.

<ul style="list-style-type: disc; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; padding: 0 0 0 40px;">
 <li>L'élagage est comme un jardinier qui taille les branches superflues d'un arbre pour l'aider à mieux pousser. Dans le cerveau, il s’agit de l’élimination des connexions synaptiques en excès.
 </li>
 <li>Cette optimisation permet de rationaliser les voies neuronales, garantissant que les connexions les plus efficaces et essentielles prévalent.
 </li>
 <li>L'élagage est essentiel pour maintenir la clarté et l'efficacité cognitives à mesure que le cerveau évolue.
 </li>
 <li>Un autre processus important est la myélinisation, où des gaines de myéline se forment autour des axones des neurones.
 </li>
 <li>La myélinisation augmente considérablement la vitesse et l'efficacité de la transmission du signal électrique entre les cellules cérébrales, permettant des réflexes plus rapides et des capacités de traitement améliorées.
 </li>
</ul>
L'impact de l'apprentissage de nouvelles compétences, comme la formation musicale, illustre les aspects pratiques de la neuroplasticité. Par exemple, lorsqu'une personne apprend à jouer d'un instrument de musique, son cerveau forme des connexions synaptiques supplémentaires et renforce celles qui existent déjà. Cette amélioration du réseau neuronal accroît l'efficacité des neurotransmetteurs et des réponses neuronales, démontrant la capacité du cerveau à adapter son fonctionnement en fonction de nouveaux défis ou compétences.

En cas de blessure ou de maladie, la capacité de neuroplasticité du cerveau se manifeste comme un mécanisme adaptatif crucial. Par exemple, chez les personnes aveugles, le cerveau compense en réaffectant les zones visuelles pour traiter les informations tactiles et auditives, comme la lecture du braille ou l'audition accrue. Cette adaptabilité souligne la capacité ingénieuse du cerveau à réorienter ses ressources et à optimiser son fonctionnement en réponse à la perte sensorielle, mettant en valeur sa résilience et sa flexibilité intrinsèques.

Neuroplasticité

La neuroplasticité est une caractéristique inhérente du système nerveux qui consiste à se réorganiser en créant de nouvelles connexions neuronales en réponse à des facteurs ou ...

Education

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JoVE Core

Introduction to Psychology

Introduction à la psychologie

Unit 1

Unité 1

Biopsychology

Biopsychologie

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

Neuroplasticity

how the brain rewires itself

Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to change its structure and function in response to learning, experience, or injury. It allows neural circuits to reorganize over time. This flexibility supports lifelong development and adaptation.

One part of this change begins when dendrites and axons grow. Dendrites receive signals, and axons send them. As they grow, the brain’s circuitry becomes more complex and can support more connections.

Next, synaptogenesis occurs. Synaptogenesis is the formation of new synapses, or communication points, between neurons. These new links help electrical and chemical signals move through the brain and can improve learning and overall function.

The brain also uses pruning to remove connections it does not need. Pruning works like trimming a tree to help it grow better. By eliminating extra neurons and connections, the brain keeps the most efficient pathways and maintains clearer, faster processing.

Myelination is another key process. During myelination, myelin sheaths form around axons. Myelin helps electrical signals travel faster and more efficiently, which can support quicker reflexes and stronger processing ability.

Learning a new skill shows neuroplasticity in action. For example, musical training can lead the brain to form more synaptic connections and strengthen existing ones. This change improves neural responses and shows how the brain adapts to new challenges.

Neuroplasticity is also important after injury or illness. In people who are blind, the brain can shift visual areas to process touch and sound instead. This can help with tasks such as reading Braille and can even support heightened hearing.

How the Brain Rewires Itself

introduction to biological bases of psychology

introduction-to-biological-bases-of-psychology

Biological Factors Shaping Behavior and Mind

Biopsychology connects biology and psychology by showing how the body influences behavior and mental processes. It focuses on the nervous system, neurotransmitters, hormones, genetics, and evolutionary ideas. Together, these areas help explain why people think, feel, and act the way they do. The nervous system is the main foundation of biopsychology. It has two parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and...

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spinal cord

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The spinal cord is a major part of the central nervous system. It runs from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It helps keep the body stable and carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord sits inside the bony spine for protection. It is divided into 30 segments that match the vertebrae. Each segment connects to a specific body region through paired spinal nerves. These spinal nerves are grouped by where they leave the...

lateralization

Brain Hemisphere Specialization

Brain hemisphere specialization divides mental tasks between the left and right sides of the brain. This split can improve neural efficiency and support more complex human abilities. Each hemisphere tends to handle the work it does best, which helps cognitive processing run more smoothly. The left hemisphere is especially strong in logic and language-related tasks. It supports analytical thinking, which means breaking a problem into parts and solving it step by step. This is important for...

human genetics

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Behavior genetics studies how inherited genes influence human behavior. It looks at how genes passed from parents to offspring help shape behavioral traits and tendencies. The field also examines how inherited factors and environmental influences work together. Researchers use family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies to separate genetic and environmental effects. Family studies track traits within biological families to find possible genetic patterns. They have helped identify...

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evolutionary psychology

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neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to change its structure and function in response to learning, experience, or injury. It allows neural circuits to reorganize over time. This flexibility supports lifelong development and adaptation. One part of this change begins when dendrites and axons grow. Dendrites receive signals, and axons send them. As they grow, the brain’s circuitry becomes more complex and can support more connections. Next, synaptogenesis occurs. Synaptogenesis is the...

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major hormones and their functions

Hormone Imbalances and Their Effects

Hormones are chemical messengers made by endocrine glands. They help control body functions and keep internal conditions stable. When hormone levels shift too far up or down, normal body processes can be disrupted. Several major hormones have clear roles in the body. Oxytocin is made in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It supports social bonding, childbirth, and lactation. Low oxytocin can affect social interaction and stress response, and it may contribute to depression.

inheritance

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gene-environment interactions

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heritability

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Heritability describes how genetic differences contribute to trait variation in a population. It is a statistical measure, so it shows how much of the spread in a trait can be linked to genes across a group. It does not tell you how “genetic” a trait is in an individual person. Heritability is usually expressed as a percentage. That percentage can change depending on which population is studied and what environmental conditions are present. This means heritability is context-dependent, not...

natural selection and adaptation

Adaptation in Changing Environments

Natural selection explains how organisms become better suited to their environments over time. It favors individuals with traits that improve survival and reproduction. Adaptation is the result. It includes genetic changes that help an organism function in specific conditions, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes. Adaptation is not only physical. Psychological adaptation also helps organisms, especially humans, succeed in their surroundings. These responses come from both...

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How Selection Shapes Mate Choice

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criticisms of the evolutionary perspective

criticisms-of-the-evolutionary-perspective

Social Learning vs. Evolutionary Psychology

Social learning theory and evolutionary psychology offer two different ways to explain sexual behavior. A study in which strangers gave students compliments and then asked for casual sex showed a clear gender gap. None of the women said yes, while 70% of the men agreed. Evolutionary psychology explains this result by arguing that natural selection may have shaped women to be more selective about sexual partners. From this view, selectivity can help improve survival and reproductive success. It...

key terms and concepts

Explore how neuroplasticity changes brain circuits through growth, synapses, pruning, and myelination, with examples from learning and sensory loss.

How the Brain Rewires Itself | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology offers an engaging learning experience on the fundamental principles of psychology through concise video lessons. Students will explore important topics such as cognitive processes, emotional regulation, and neural mechanisms, establishing a strong foundation in the study of the mind and human behavior. This series provides an accessible and captivating approach to grasp the essential concepts of the discipline.

introduction to psychology

How the Brain Rewires Itself

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