Pharmacological Manipulation
Pharmacological Manipulation - Related Videos
09:58
Pharmacological and Functional Genetic Assays to Manipulate Regeneration of the Planarian Dugesia japonica
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Cited by 17 •
2011
An attractive model for studying stem cell differentiation within a live animal is the planarian flatworm. Regeneration is studied by simple amputation experiments that are easily performed in a basic laboratory and are amenable to pharmacological and genetic (in vivo RNAi) manipulation as detailed by protocols in this article.
06:52
Manufacturing and Using Piggy-back Multibarrel Electrodes for In vivo Pharmacological Manipulations of Neural Responses
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Cited by 8 •
2013
Iontophoresis of neural agonists and antagonists during extracellular in vivo recordings is a powerful way to manipulate a neuron’s microenvironment. These manipulations can most easily be done via piggy-back multibarrel electrodes. Here we describe how to manufacture them and use them during auditory recordings.
08:28
Using Pharmacological Manipulation and High-precision Radio Telemetry to Study the Spatial Cognition in Free-ranging Animals
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Cited by 2 •
2016
This paper describes a novel protocol that combines the pharmacological manipulation of memory and radio telemetry to document and quantify the role of cognition in navigation.
13:27
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment as a Useful Adjunctive Tool for Pneumonia
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Cited by 50 •
2014
Pneumonia is one of the top ten leading causes of death in the U.S. Osteopathic manipulative techniques (OMT) may be utilized as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of pneumonia to enhance biomechanical and immune function; and ultimately, to reduce hospital stay, duration of antibiotics, incidence of respiratory failure, and mortality. In this video-article, we will review randomized controlled studies on the use of OMT in pneumonia patients, as well as demonstrate specific hands-on...
08:49
Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Cited by 23 •
2013
Loss of the righting reflex has long served as a standard behavioral surrogate for unconsciousness, also called hypnosis, in laboratory animals. Alterations in volatile anesthetic sensitivity caused by pharmacological interventions can be detected with a carefully controlled high-throughput assessment system, which may be adapted for delivery of any inhaled therapeutic.
FAQs
The biological outcome depends on the target affected. Receptor binding can alter cellular signaling, enzyme inhibition or activation can change biochemical reactions, and ion-channel modulation can influence cellular electrical or physiological responses. Agents that modify signaling pathways may produce broader downstream effects. Identifying the target helps researchers connect an observed change to a specific biological mechanism.
Dose influences the magnitude of a biological response, while timing affects when the response begins and how long it persists. Drug distribution determines which cells, tissues, or organismal sites are exposed to the agent. Considering these variables allows experiments to distinguish weak exposure, delayed effects, and limited distribution from a true absence of biological activity.
Researchers use appropriate experimental controls and examine whether the observed response matches the intended biological target. Controls help reveal changes caused by the experimental treatment itself rather than by unrelated handling or exposure effects. Assessing toxicity is also essential, because widespread cellular or organismal damage can produce results that resemble a targeted physiological or signaling response.
Changing a defined molecular or physiological process and then measuring the resulting biological response provides evidence about causation. If altering a target produces a predictable change in cells, tissues, or organisms, researchers can evaluate whether that process contributes to the outcome under study. Dose and timing comparisons further clarify the relationship between manipulation and response.
A sound design identifies the biological process to be changed, selects an agent that acts on a relevant target, and specifies dose and timing before measurements begin. Researchers should include appropriate controls and account for drug distribution and possible toxicity. These considerations make it easier to attribute measured changes to the intended pharmacological action.
This approach can investigate how cells, tissues, and organisms function by selectively changing signaling, enzyme activity, receptor responses, or ion-channel behavior. It can also test how physiological responses are controlled and whether a biological process contributes to disease mechanisms. The resulting observations help connect molecular events with larger cellular, tissue, or organismal outcomes.
Researchers use chemical agents to model or alter disease-related mechanisms and observe the resulting biological consequences. This can clarify how a disease process operates and provide a way to evaluate potential therapies. Interpreting the results requires attention to dose, timing, distribution, controls, and toxicity so that apparent improvement is not mistaken for a nonspecific drug effect.