Akt Pathway
Akt Pathway - Related Videos
01:22
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway
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2023
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast, mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
07:15
Mechanism of Kemeng Fang's Inhibition of Podocyte Apoptosis in Rats with Membranous Nephropathy through the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway
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Cited by 3 •
2024
The present protocol describes the establishment of a membranous nephropathy (MN) animal model, and how Kemeng Fang's inhibition reduces MN rat podocyte apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
01:26
Respiration Pathways
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2025
Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
01:15
Auditory Pathway
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2024
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea. When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
01:45
ER Retrieval Pathway
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2023
In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment. The ER uses many checkpoints to prevent the entry of incorrectly folded or a resident protein as cargo onto a transport vesicle. These mechanisms...
FAQs
Activation proceeds through a defined phosphorylation sequence. Receptor tyrosine kinases stimulate PI3K, which generates PIP3 at the plasma membrane. PIP3 recruits Akt to that membrane, where PDK1 and mTORC2 phosphorylate it. This activation step connects an extracellular growth signal to intracellular regulators of cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, and metabolism.
PTEN helps constrain signaling associated with the Akt pathway by opposing the accumulation of the membrane signal generated downstream of PI3K. When genetic changes affect PTEN, signaling can remain active rather than being appropriately limited. In cancer research, this persistent activity is important because it can support tumor development and contribute to resistance against treatment.
Persistent signaling repeatedly directs downstream proteins toward cell-cycle progression, reduced apoptosis, and altered metabolism. Instead of responding only to changing cellular cues, affected cells may continue receiving signals that favor survival and growth. This helps explain why genetic alterations involving PI3K, Akt, or PTEN are studied as contributors to tumor development and treatment resistance.
Researchers examine pathway-associated genetic changes, including alterations involving PI3K, Akt, and PTEN, and relate them to cancer biology. They also study how signaling affects survival, growth, metabolism, and proliferation. These investigations can reveal biomarkers that help characterize tumors and clarify which pathway features may be relevant when developing targeted therapeutic strategies.
Investigation can identify biomarkers linked to changes in PI3K, Akt, or PTEN and to the resulting signaling behavior. Such markers may help researchers characterize pathway involvement in a tumor, connect molecular changes with cancer biology, and evaluate features associated with treatment resistance. Their value comes from linking molecular information with biologically meaningful outcomes.
Because the pathway influences several processes that tumors depend on, including survival, growth, proliferation, and metabolism, it offers multiple points for therapeutic investigation. Genetic changes can also keep signaling active and support treatment resistance. Studying these mechanisms helps researchers identify targets and understand why pathway-related alterations may affect responses to cancer treatment.