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A plant cell has a cell wall, a rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane that surrounds the cell. The cell wall helps support and protect the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive expansion of the cell when water enters.

Plant cell walls can have up to three layers—the middle lamella, the primary cell wall, and the secondary cell wall.

Each layer contains polysaccharides such as pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose, as well as structural proteins.

The outermost layer of the cell wall is shared between adjacent cells, which is why it is called the “middle” lamella. This layer is rich in pectin, which helps cells stick together and form plant tissues.

The primary cell wall forms between the middle lamella and the plasma membrane.

It is a thin, flexible layer that forms as the plant divides and grows.

The primary cell wall is a layer of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a gel-like matrix of pectin and hemicellulose.

After a plant cell matures and stops growing, it may build a secondary cell wall between the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane.

This layer is thick and rigid. It contains cellulose and hemicellulose, along with lignin, a strong polymer that hardens