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Primary cultures are eukaryotic cells grown directly from tissue samples in culture medium. As primary adherent cultures multiply and occupy the entire dish surface, cells must be treated with protease and chelating agents like Trypsin-EDTA to obtain single cells. A small number of these cells are then subcultured into fresh medium, forming secondary cultures that continue growing.

Growth media contain amino acids, vitamins, inorganic salts, and glucose as a carbon source. Fetal bovine serum is added as a source of growth factors, hormones, lipids, and minerals. Antibiotics prevent microbial contamination, while buffering systems like sodium bicarbonate maintain pH at 7.4. A pH indicator such as phenol red shows pH changes in the culture.

Adherent cultures grow as monolayers attached to chemically treated flasks and plates. Suspension cultures, such as hematopoietic cells, grow in non-treated cultureware and require magnetic stirrers or spinner flasks to agitate the media. Both culture types need optimal temperature, suitable growth medium, and pH buffering systems for proper development.

Plant growth hormones, specifically auxins and cytokinins, control tissue development in plant cell cultures. A balanced ratio of these hormones produces undifferentiated cells called callus. By altering the hormone ratio, the callus can be differentiated into roots or shoots, generating a complete plant from the explant tissue.

Mammalian cells require an optimal temperature of 37°C and a CO2 concentration of 5% in the incubator. The growth medium pH is maintained at 7.4 using buffering systems with sodium bicarbonate and exogenous CO2. These controlled conditions, combined with aseptic culturing protocols, ensure proper cell growth and prevent microbial contamination.

Plant cell cultures produce improved hybrid plants and conserve endangered plant species. Explant cultures are also used in large-scale production of plant-derived products. Plant tissue, known as explant, is cultured in nutrient medium containing plant growth hormones, micronutrients, and a carbon source under controlled temperature, light intensity, and photoperiod conditions.

Trypsin-EDTA is a protease and chelating agent solution that loosens cell-substrate and cell-cell interactions in adherent cultures. As primary cultures multiply and occupy the entire dish surface, this treatment is essential to obtain single cells for subculturation. The dissociated cells can then be transferred to fresh growth medium to establish secondary cultures.