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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is defined as a diverse lung condition marked by persistent and progressive respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production caused by airflow limitations and abnormalities in the airways.

COPD may result due to conditions such as bronchitis and emphysema.

Emphysema involves the permanent enlargement of the alveoli and destruction of their walls, leading to loss of lung elasticity.

These patients typically feel tired as breathing consumes a lot of energy. They may develop a "barrel chest" and flattened diaphragm as a result of air trapping, impairing ventilation.

In chronic bronchitis, inflammation of the bronchial tubes leads to excessive mucus production and fibrosis in the lower respiratory passageways.

These patients develop a high risk of frequent pulmonary infections due to mucus buildup.

The primary environmental factors that contribute to COPD include smoking tobacco and breathing in harmful particles and gases from air pollution.

COPD treatment typically involves inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Oxygen therapy is recommended for severe dyspnea and hypoxia.