Question 1

What causes asthma and how does it affect the airways?

Accepted Answer

Asthma is a chronic condition marked by airway inflammation and hypersensitivity to various stimuli. It causes smooth muscle spasms in bronchioles, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, and epithelial damage. These changes lead to airway obstruction and breathing difficulties in affected individuals.

Question 2

How is asthma treated?

Accepted Answer

Asthma treatment combines immediate relief and long-term management strategies. Patients inhale beta-2-adrenergic agonists for rapid bronchodilation during acute episodes. Anti-inflammatory drugs suppress chronic airway inflammation, reducing symptom frequency and severity over time. This dual approach addresses both emergency relief and sustained disease control.

Question 3

What is tuberculosis and how does it spread?

Accepted Answer

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when infected individuals cough. TB often remains dormant in fibrous or calcified nodules but can activate when immunity weakens, causing fever, night sweats, and bloody cough.

Question 4

What are the main causes and symptoms of lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Lung cancer is predominantly caused by cigarette smoke exposure or secondhand smoke inhalation. Symptoms include persistent cough, bloody sputum, and breathlessness. It presents in multiple types, including adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, each with different progression rates and metastatic potential.

Question 5

Why is early detection important for lung cancer survival?

Accepted Answer

Early detection is crucial because lung cancers metastasize aggressively, spreading to other tissues rapidly. When caught early, surgical removal offers the highest potential for survival and recovery. Advanced-stage cancers require multimodal treatment including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy with significantly reduced survival outcomes.

Question 6

What are the two types of sleep apnea and how do they differ?

Accepted Answer

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when upper airway collapse results from muscle relaxation during sleep, blocking airflow. Central sleep apnea stems from reduced respiratory drive from the brain stem, causing the body to stop breathing temporarily. Both conditions interrupt sleep quality and reduce oxygen delivery to tissues.

Question 7

How does incomplete TB treatment lead to drug resistance?

Accepted Answer

Incomplete or inadequate antimicrobial treatment of tuberculosis allows surviving bacteria to develop resistance mechanisms. Drug-resistant TB strains emerge when patients discontinue therapy prematurely or receive insufficient medication doses. This resistance makes subsequent treatment more difficult, prolongs infection duration, and complicates disease management in affected populations.

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