Question 1

How is chronic kidney disease diagnosed?

Accepted Answer

Chronic kidney disease diagnosis primarily focuses on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures how well kidneys filter blood. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels are monitored to evaluate kidney health. Early signs include proteinuria, indicating kidney damage. Imaging studies like renal ultrasound detect kidney size and obstructions, while CT scans identify stones and tumors. Kidney biopsy confirms diagnoses such as glomerulonephritis.

Question 2

What medications help control blood pressure in chronic kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure control below 125–130/80 mm Hg is achieved through ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers, which reduce proteinuria and protect kidney function. These medications are central to medical management of chronic kidney disease. Additional interventions address hyperglycemia, smoking, and obesity through lifestyle changes and medications to slow disease progression.

Question 3

How is hyperkalemia managed in kidney disease patients?

Accepted Answer

Hyperkalemia management involves limiting dietary potassium and using potassium-binding agents like patiromer. In acute emergencies, calcium gluconate stabilizes cardiac membranes, preventing dangerous heart rhythms. Insulin administration is also effective because it shifts potassium back into cells, rapidly lowering serum levels and protecting cardiac function in critically ill patients.

Question 4

When is dialysis indicated for chronic kidney disease patients?

Accepted Answer

Dialysis becomes essential for patients with end-stage kidney disease or severe complications such as fluid overload, hyperkalemia, or metabolic acidosis. Treatment options include hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy. Dialysis filters toxins and excess fluids from the blood, compensating for lost kidney function and stabilizing electrolyte levels.

Question 5

What are the protein intake recommendations for dialysis versus non-dialysis patients?

Accepted Answer

For non-dialysis patients, protein intake is limited to 0.6–1.0 grams per kilogram of body weight daily to reduce metabolic waste and kidney workload. Dialysis patients require more protein due to losses during treatment, with recommended intake of 1.2–1.3 grams per kilogram daily. A renal dietitian provides individualized guidance to ensure adequate nutrition while managing electrolyte balance.

Question 6

Why is interprofessional collaboration important in chronic kidney disease management?

Accepted Answer

Interprofessional collaboration enables comprehensive management of chronic kidney disease, which progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease if untreated. Patient education and coordinated care across healthcare providers help patients manage their health and improve quality of life. This team-based approach addresses diagnostic, medical, nutritional, and nursing aspects of care.

Question 7

What electrolytes require careful regulation in chronic kidney disease nutrition?

Accepted Answer

Sodium, potassium, and phosphorus are carefully regulated in chronic kidney disease nutrition to maintain electrolyte balance and prevent complications like hyperkalemia and mineral bone disorders. Dietary restrictions work alongside medications and dialysis to control these electrolytes. Individualized nutrition management by a renal dietitian ensures adequate caloric and nutrient intake while protecting kidney function.

מחלת כליות כרונית III: טיפול בין-מקצועי

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