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George Bonanno identified four patterns of grieving by examining the experiences of individuals who have undergone bereavement, including the loss of a spouse, over extended periods.

The first pattern is resilience, which describes individuals who experience brief grief and quickly return to their previous level of normal functioning.

These individuals do not experience long-term disruption despite the staggering loss and emotional challenge.

Recovery is the second pattern. It involves intense sadness and grief that gradually diminish over time. Individuals in this pattern return to normal functioning slowly and gradually.

The third pattern is the chronic dysfunction involving prolonged traumatic grief that disrupts major aspects of life.

Individuals in this pattern may struggle with daily activities and are at risk for psychological disorders such as depression.

Delayed grief is the fourth pattern that occurs when emotional responses to the loss do not surface immediately but emerge weeks or even months after the event. This late-onset grief can be as intense as the other patterns.