Sumo Conjugates
Sumo Conjugates - Related Videos
06:23
Localization of SUMO-modified Proteins Using Fluorescent Sumo-trapping Proteins
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Cited by 3 •
2019
SUMO is an essential and highly conserved, small ubiquitin-like modifier protein. In this protocol we are describing the use of a stress-tolerant recombinant SUMO-trapping protein (kmUTAG) to visualize native, untagged SUMO conjugates and their localization in a variety of cell types.
02:50
Conjugated Proteins
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2020
Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties. Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
08:29
SUMO-Binding Entities (SUBEs) as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer
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Cited by 6 •
2019
Here, we present a protocol to enrich, isolate, identify, and characterize proteins modified by SUMO in vivo both from human hepatoma cells and liver tumors obtained from mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma by using SUMO-binding entities (SUBEs).
01:19
Conjugation
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2025
Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...
01:19
Mechanism of Conjugation
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2025
Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...
FAQs
The pathway distributes the modification across several enzymatic steps. E1 activates SUMO, Ubc9 receives the activated modifier and transfers it toward the substrate, while E3 ligases can assist attachment to the target protein. SUMO proteases provide the opposing activity by removing SUMO, allowing the regulatory state to change rather than remain permanent.
SUMO attachment can alter a protein’s interactions, subcellular localization, stability, or activity. These effects arise because the modification changes how the target participates in cellular processes, rather than simply marking it for destruction. Consequently, the same type of covalent regulatory signal can influence several aspects of protein behavior.
The lysine residue serves as the substrate site to which SUMO becomes covalently attached. Its modification creates the physical connection between the small modifier and the target protein, enabling downstream regulatory effects. Because SUMO proteases can remove this linkage, the lysine-based modification supports a reversible form of biochemical control.
SUMO conjugation does not necessarily send a protein for degradation. Instead, it may regulate interactions, localization, stability, or activity while leaving the target available for continued cellular function. This distinction makes SUMO conjugates especially relevant when researchers need to explain changes in protein regulation that are not equivalent to protein destruction.
A useful analysis follows the pathway from SUMO activation by E1, through transfer to Ubc9, to attachment on a substrate lysine, with possible assistance from an E3 ligase. The analysis should also include SUMO protease activity because removal can reverse the modification. Examining these stages connects enzymatic mechanism with the resulting protein regulation.
Research on these conjugates can clarify how cells regulate transcription, repair DNA, and respond to stress. In each setting, SUMO-dependent changes in protein interactions, localization, stability, or activity provide a biochemical route for adjusting cellular behavior. The topic therefore connects enzyme-mediated protein modification with broader regulatory processes in biochemistry.