Copper-catalyzed Cycloaddition
Copper-catalyzed Cycloaddition - Related Videos
09:35
Preparation of a Corannulene-functionalized Hexahelicene by Copper(I)-catalyzed Alkyne-azide Cycloaddition of Nonplanar Polyaromatic Units
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Cited by 1 •
2016
Here, we present a protocol to synthesize a complex organic compound comprised of three nonplanar polyaromatic units, assembled easily with reasonable yields.
06:19
Palladium-Catalyzed Cross Coupling
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2023
Source: Vy M. Dong and Faben Cruz, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA This experiment will demonstrate the concept of a palladium-catalyzed cross coupling. The set-up of a typical Pd-catalyzed cross coupling reaction will be illustrated. Pd-catalyzed cross coupling reactions have had a profound effect on how synthetic chemists create molecules. These reactions have enabled chemists to construct bonds in new and more efficient ways. Such reactions have found widespread...
01:16
Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview
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2023
Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition. The feasibility of cycloaddition reactions under thermal and photochemical conditions can be predicted using...
06:52
Positron Emission Tomography Using 64-Copper as a Tracer for the Study of Copper-Related Disorders
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Cited by 6 •
2023
The present protocol describes how to perform 64Cu PET/CT and PET/MRI imaging in humans to study copper-related disorders, such as Wilson disease, and the treatment effect on copper metabolism.
06:45
A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay
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Cited by 3 •
2017
Here, we present a Caenorhabditis elegans-specific assay designed to evaluate changes in copper aversion behavior and the ability to locate a common food source, as the organism progresses from a well-fed to starved nutritional state.
FAQs
Copper(I) provides the catalytic environment that brings the azide and terminal alkyne together for efficient linkage formation. When a copper(II) source is used, a reducing agent can generate the required copper(I) species during the reaction. This catalytic arrangement supports selective labeling while limiting the need for harsh reaction conditions, which is valuable for sensitive biological molecules.
The 1,2,3-triazole linkage is stable, so a probe, tag, or functional group remains attached after the conjugation step. Its formation also supports selective coupling between molecules carrying the compatible azide and terminal alkyne groups. Consequently, researchers can create labeled antibodies, glycans, peptides, or pathogen-associated molecules for downstream detection and interaction studies.
A copper(I)-based system allows the coupling to proceed under relatively mild conditions, including aqueous environments. This compatibility matters because many immunological and infection-related targets are biomolecules that may not tolerate aggressive conditions. Using a copper(II) source with a reducing agent can establish the copper(I) catalyst while retaining a setting suitable for selective molecular conjugation.
The workflow requires an azide-bearing molecule, a terminal-alkyne-bearing partner, and a copper(I) catalyst or a copper(II) source paired with a reducing agent. Researchers select the molecular partners according to the desired label or conjugate, allow the coupling under suitable mild conditions, and then use the resulting triazole-linked product for detection, tracking, or characterization.
Researchers use the reaction to attach fluorescent probes, affinity tags, or other functional groups to antibodies, glycans, peptides, and pathogen-associated molecules. These modified targets can then support studies of immune recognition, biomolecule distribution, or pathogen-related interactions. The approach connects selective chemical labeling with biological questions about how host and pathogen molecules behave.
Fluorescently labeled products can help visualize where a target is located, while affinity-tagged products can support its capture or examination in a complex biological setting. Applying the reaction to immune or pathogen-associated molecules therefore enables biomolecule tracking, imaging, immune-interaction studies, and characterization of host–pathogen processes.