Thermodynamics Formula
Thermodynamics Formula - Related Videos
02:38
Third Law of Thermodynamics
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2020
A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero. This limiting condition for a system’s entropy represents the third law of thermodynamics: the...
02:49
Second Law of Thermodynamics
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2020
In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
02:52
Chemical Formulas
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2020
A chemical formula presents information about the proportions of atoms constituting a particular chemical compound or molecule, mainly using symbols of elements and numbers. At times other symbols, such as dashes, parentheses, brackets, commas, plus, and minus signs, are also used. A chemical formula can be one of three types – molecular, empirical, and structural. Molecular Formula The molecular formula represents a molecule or a chemical compound using chemical symbols (to indicate the...
02:16
First Law of Thermodynamics
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2020
Energy Conservation Energy can be converted from one form into another, but all of the energy present before a change occurs always exists in some form after the change is completed. This observation is expressed in the law of conservation of energy: during a chemical or physical change, energy can be neither created nor destroyed, although it can be changed in form. According to the law of conservation of matter, there is no detectable change in the total amount of matter during a chemical...
03:34
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature
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2020
An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions. Moving from the far right to the left on the periodic table, nonmetal elements often gain electrons to form anions with the same number of electrons as an atom...
FAQs
With the stated sign convention, ΔU = Q − W means that heat entering the system raises its internal energy, while work performed by the system reduces the energy retained. The equation separates two transfer pathways and allows an energy change to be evaluated when the heat and work terms are known.
The ideal-gas relationship complements the first law by linking pressure, volume, temperature, and the amount of gas in one description. This connection lets an analysis relate mechanical state variables to thermal conditions, rather than treating heat, pressure, or volume as unrelated measurements. It is especially useful when those variables change together.
Entropy adds a criterion for interpreting real processes beyond energy accounting. Thermodynamic formulas involving entropy help assess the direction in which a process proceeds, while equilibrium conditions indicate when relevant macroscopic variables no longer drive change. This distinction matters because conserving energy alone does not identify the direction of a real process.
To analyze a thermodynamic situation, first identify the system and the quantities being related, then apply the formula that matches the available information. The first law organizes heat, work, and internal-energy changes; the ideal gas law organizes pressure, volume, temperature, and gas amount. Comparing the resulting conditions supports interpretation of the process.
Thermodynamics formulas help evaluate engines and refrigerators by connecting energy transfers with performance measures such as efficiency. In an engine, the analysis focuses on how heat and work relate to useful output; for a refrigerator, the same energy accounting describes operation in a different practical context. These calculations support comparison of system performance.
For phase changes and heat-transfer problems, the formulas provide a way to track how energy changes while the system moves between conditions. Pressure, volume, temperature, and internal energy can be related where applicable, while entropy helps assess process direction. The resulting analysis can identify equilibrium conditions and predict how the system behaves during the change.